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Gubernija

Gubernija-strukturen i Russland i 1914
De opprinnelige åtte, opprettet i 1708

Gubernija (russisk: губе́рния) var en type stor administrativ inndeling i Det russiske keiserriket, vanligvis oversatt som guvernement eller provins. Et gubernija ble styrt av en guvernør (russisk: губернатор – gubernator), et ord lånt fra enten det latinske gubernator eller det greske kybernates. Uttrykket «gubernija» ble uformelt også brukt om selve guvernørembetet.

Denne typen administrativ inndeling ble opprettet etter et edikt (ukaz) fra Peter den store av 18. desember 1708, som delte inn Russland i åtte gubernijaer. I 1719 ble gubernijaene videre oppdelt i provinser (russisk: провинции – provintsii). Antallet gubernijaer ble senere økt til 23.

Ved reformen i 1775 ble inndelingen i gubernijaer og videre i ujezder (russisk: уезды) basert på befolkningstall, og uttrykket «gubernija» ble formelt erstattet av det russiske synonymet: namestnitsjestvo (russisk: наместничество). Men uttrykket «gubernija» ble imidlertid fortsatt brukt. En namestnitsjestvo ble styrt av namestniker (russisk: наместник) (direkte oversatt: «fullmektig») eller generalguvernører (russisk: генерал-губернатор). Embetet som generalguvernør hadde større administrativ makt og var i en høyere posisjon enn det tidligere guvernør-embetet. Noen ganger styrte en generalguvernør flere gubernijaer.

Etter det russiske senatets ukaz av 31. desember 1796 ble embetet som generalguvernør degradert til det tidligere guvernør-embetet, og Russland ble igjen inndelt i gubernijaer, som ble inndelt i ujezder, som igjen ble inndelt i voloster (russisk: волость).

Etter februarrevolusjonen ble guvernørtittelen endret til gubernijakommissær. Etter oktoberrevolusjonen ble inndelingen beholdt, men styreapparatet ble erstattet av gubernijasovjeter (russisk: губернский совет). Den faktiske inndelingen av Sovjetunionen i territoriale enheter var gjenstand for mange endringer, spesielt i perioden 1918–1929. Men til slutt, i 1929, ble de tidligere typene inndelinger erstattet av begrepene oblast, okrug og rajon.

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