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Cobalamină

Cobalamină
Identificare
PubChem184933  Modificați la Wikidata
Cod ATCB03BA  Modificați la Wikidata
Date chimice
Masă molară1.355,38 g/mol  Modificați la Wikidata

Cobalamina sau vitamina B12 este o vitamină hidrosolubilă implicată în metabolismul fiecărei celule din corpul uman: este un cofactor în sinteza ADN, dar și în metabolismul acizilor grași și al aminoacizilor.[1] Are implicații importante în funcționarea normală a sistemului nervos prin sinteza de mielină,[2][3] și în dezvoltarea globulelor roșii în măduvă osoasă.[4]

Vitamina B12 are cea mai mare moleculă și cea mai complexă din punct de vedere structural, dintre toate vitaminele.[5] Aceasta este reprezentată de patru forme aproape identice din punct de vedere chimic, denumite vitamere: cianocobalamină, hidroxocobalamină, adenozilcobalamină și metilcobalamină. Ciancobalamina și hidroxicobalamina sunt utilizate pentru a preveni sau trata deficitul vitaminic; odată absorbite, ele sunt convertite la adenozil- și metilcobalamină, care sunt formele active biologic. Indiferent de formă, toate vitaminele B12 conțin elementul cobalt (simbolul Co) poziționat în centrul nucleului denumit corină. Singurele organisme care pot sintetiza vitamina B12 sunt anumite bacterii și arhee, iar ca parte a florei intestinale pot produce B12 la nivel intern.[5]

Descoperire

Vitamina B12 a fost descoperită în 1926.

Rol

  • participă activ la metabolismul proteinelor, lipidelor și glucidelor;
  • contribuie la funcționarea normală a celulelor, în special a celor din măduva osoasă;
  • are rol benefic asupra sistemului nervos și a traiectului gastrointestinal;
  • acționează în mod esențial în formarea globulelor roșii la nivelul oaselor, în sinteza proteinelor care participă la edificarea diferitelor țesuturi, precum și în sinteza proteinelor.

Structura chimică

Utilizarea în medicină

  • Tratamentul anemiei megaloblastice.

Diagnostic

Având în vedere că nu există un test gold standard pentru identificarea deficienței de vitamină B12, mai multe teste de laborator sunt efectuate pentru a confirma diagnosticul prezumtiv.

Utilizarea nivelului seric al vitaminei B12 nu este cel mai potrivit, deoarece reprezintă un element tardiv, relativ fără sensibilitate sau specificitate.[6]

Acidul metilmalonic din urină sau plasmă este considerat un marker funcțional al vitaminei B12, deoarece el crește atunci când rezervele de vitamină B12 sunt epuizate. Adesea, homocisteina este determinată în plus față de acidul metilmalonic pentru o mai bună evaluare.[6] Cu toate acestea, nivelurile crescute de acid metilmalonic pot indica, de asemenea, boala metabolică frecvent omisă[7] și anume, aciduria malonică și metilmalonică combinată (CMAMMA).[8]

Cel mai timpuriu marker al deficienței de vitamină B12 este nivelul scăzut de holotranscobalamină, care reprezintă un complex format din vitamina B12 și proteina sa transportoare.[6]

Substanțe bogate în cobalamină

  • Ficatul;
  • Peștele;
  • Cașcavalul;
  • Ouăle;
  • Lapte.

Referințe

  1. ^ Yamada K (). „Chapter 9. Cobalt: Its Role in Health and Disease”. În Sigel A, Sigel H, Sigel RK. Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. 13. Springer. pp. 295–320. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_9. 
  2. ^ Miller A, Korem M, Almog R, Galboiz Y (iunie 2005). „Vitamin B12, demyelination, remyelination and repair in multiple sclerosis”. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 233 (1–2): 93–7. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2005.03.009. PMID 15896807. 
  3. ^ „Vitamin B12. . 
  4. ^ Greer JP (). Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology Thirteenth Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-1-4511-7268-3.  Chapter 36: Megaloblastic anemias: disorders of impaired DNA synthesis by Ralph Carmel
  5. ^ a b „Vitamin B12. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. . Arhivat din original la . Accesat în . 
  6. ^ a b c Herrmann, Wolfgang; Obeid, Rima (), „Causes and Early Diagnosis of Vitamin B12 Deficiency”, Deutsches Ärzteblatt international, doi:10.3238/arztebl.2008.0680, ISSN 1866-0452, PMC 2696961Accesibil gratuit, PMID 19623286 
  7. ^ NIH Intramural Sequencing Center Group; Sloan, Jennifer L; Johnston, Jennifer J; Manoli, Irini; Chandler, Randy J; Krause, Caitlin; Carrillo-Carrasco, Nuria; Chandrasekaran, Suma D; Sysol, Justin R (), „Exome sequencing identifies ACSF3 as a cause of combined malonic and methylmalonic aciduria”, Nature Genetics (în engleză), 43 (9), pp. 883–886, doi:10.1038/ng.908, ISSN 1061-4036, PMC 3163731Accesibil gratuit, PMID 21841779 
  8. ^ de Sain-van der Velden, Monique G. M.; van der Ham, Maria; Jans, Judith J.; Visser, Gepke; Prinsen, Hubertus C. M. T.; Verhoeven-Duif, Nanda M.; van Gassen, Koen L. I.; van Hasselt, Peter M. (), Morava, Eva; Baumgartner, Matthias; Patterson, Marc; Rahman, Shamima, ed., „A New Approach for Fast Metabolic Diagnostics in CMAMMA”, JIMD Reports, Volume 30, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 30, pp. 15–22, doi:10.1007/8904_2016_531, ISBN 978-3-662-53680-3, PMC 5110436Accesibil gratuit, PMID 26915364 


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