Julius Caesar

C. Iulii Caesaris quae extant, 1678

Gaius Julius Caesar[1] (13 Julie 100 BC[2] – 15 Mairch 44 BC)[3] wis a Roman general an statesman. He haed a wechty pairt tae play in the langsome transformation o the Roman Republic intae the Roman Empire.

In 60 BC, Caesar jyned a poleitical alliance wi Crassus an Pompey that wis tae owergang the Roman politics for mony year. Thair ettles tae amass pouer for themsells throu populist tactics war opposed athin the Roman Senate bi the conservative high heid yins, amang them wis Cato the Younger wi the frequent pairt-takin o Cicero. Caesar's conquess o Gaul raxed Roum's laund tae the North Sea, an in 55 BC he conductit the foremaist Roman invasion o Breitain. Thir merits haed grantit him on-marrowed military pouer an threitened tae ootding Pompey's staundin. The balance o pouer wis cowpit wi the daith o Crassus in 53 BC. Shifts in pouer in Roum wad lead tae a staund-aff atween Caesar an Pompey, the latter haein taen up the cause o the Senate. Bidden bi the senate tae thole an assize in Roum for sindry chairges, Caesar mairched frae Gaul tae Italy wi his legions, owergaein the Rubicon in 49 BC. This spairked a civil weir frae whilk he kythed as the on-marrowed maister o the Roman warld.

Efter takin rule o government, he begoud extensive reforms o Roman society an government. He centralised the bureaucracy o the Republic an wis at the hinner-end proclaimed "dictator in perpetuity". A bourach o senators, led bi Marcus Junius Brutus an Gaius Cassius Longinus, assassinatit the dictator on the Ides o Mairch (15 Mairch) 44 BC, howpin tae restore the constitutional government o the Republic. Housomever, the eftercast wis a tring o civil weirs, the whilk at the hinner-end resultit in the foondin o the permanent Roman Empire bi Caesar's adoptit heir Octavius (later kent as Augustus). The feck o Caesar's life is kent frae his ain accoonts o his military campaigns, an ither modren-day soorces, maistly the letters an speaks o Cicero an the historical writs o Sallust. The later biographies o Caesar bi Suetonius an Plutarch are major soorces forbye.

References

  1. ↑ Fully, Caius Iulius Caii filius Caii nepos Caesar Imperator ("Gaius Julius Caesar, son o Gaius, grandson o Gaius, Imperator"). Offeecial name efter deification in 42 BC: Divus Iulius ("The Divine Julius").
  2. ↑ There is a bittie quarrel ower the date o Caesar's birth. The day is whiles statit tae be 12 Julie when his feast-day wis ceelebrated efter deification, but this wis acause his true birthday clashed wi the Ludi Apollinares. A puckle scholars, based on the dates he wis haudin certain magistracies, hae made a case for 101 or 102 BC as the year o his birth, but scholarly greement favours 100 BC. Goldsworthy, 30
  3. ↑ Efter Caesar's daith the lowp years war no insert conform till his ettlin an there is oncertainty anent when lowp years war obsairved atween 45 BC and AD 4 inclusive; the dates intil this airticle atween 45 BC and AD 4 inclusive are the anes obsairved in Rome and there is an oncertainty anent ae day as tae whaur thon dates wad be on the proleptic Julian calendar. Tak a scance till Blackburn, B and Holford-Strevens, L. (1999 corrected 2003). The Oxford Companion to the Year. Oxford University Press. p. 671. ISBN 978-0-19-214231-3

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