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Gulag

Karta najpoznatijih gulaga po Sovjetskom Savezu

Gulag (rus. ГУЛаг — GULag) je bila vladina agencija koja je upravljala glavnim sovjetskim sistemom logora za prisilni rad. U ovim logorima su se nalazili osuđenici raznolikog tipa, od sitnih kriminalaca, do političkih zatvorenika, ali veliki broj njih je osuđen po pojednostavljenim procedurama, poput NKVD trojki i drugih instrumenata izvansudskog kažnjavanja, i gulazi su priznati kao glavni instrument političke represije u Sovjetskom Savezu.

GULag je skraćenica za Glavna uprava za logore i kolonije popravnog rada (rus. Главное управление исправительно-трудовых лагере́й и колоний) NKVD-a. Ova uprava je službeno osnovana 25. travnja 1930.[1] a ukinuta 13. siječnja 1960.[2] Vremenom je, po metonimiji, izraz gulag počeo da se koristi za cjelokupan sistem kaznenog rada u SSSR. Aleksandar Solženjicin, dobitnik Nobelove nagrade za književnost 1970. je ovaj izraz učinio poznatim u zapadnom svijetu objavljivanjem svoje knjige Arhipelag gulag i Jedan dan Ivana Denisoviča. Knjiga je pravila vezu između ovih razbacanih logora i „lanca otoka“ i opisivala gulage kao sistem gdje su ljudi prisiljeni raditi do smrti. Neki stručnjaci se slažu sa ovim stanovištem,[3] dok drugi smatraju da gulazi nisu bili ni veliki, niti smrtonosni kao što se često prikazuje, i da nisu u sebi imali logore smrti, iako je tokom nekih perioda njihove povijesti, u ovim radnim logorima smrtnost bila visoka.

U ožujku 1940. je postojalo 53 zasebna logora i 423 radne kolonije u SSSR. Mnogi od glavnih industrijskih gradova u ruskom Arktiku, kao što su Noriljsk, Vorkuta i Magadan, su nekada bili logori koje su izgradili zatvorenici a kojima su upravljali bivši zatvorenici.

Povijest

BBC piše da je 14 milijuna ljudi prošlo kroz gulag „radne logore“ od 1929. do 1953.,[4] dodatnih 6 do 7 milijuna je deportirano i poslato u egzil u udaljene krajeve SSSR, a još 4-5 milijuna je prošlo kroz "radne kolonije", što je značilo služenje kraćih (manje od 3 godine) vremenskih kazni. Ukupno stanovništvo u logorima je variralo od 510.307 (1934.) do 1.727.970 (1952.)[5] Prema studiji sovjetske arhivske građe iz 1993., ukupno 1.053.829 ljudi je umrlo u gulazima od 1934. do 1953.[6] Ove procjene isključuju one koji su umrli ubrzo nakon puštanja, a čije smrti su bile posljedica surovog postupanja u logorima; takvi slučajevi su bili česti. Studije koje uzimaju u obzir i ove slučajeve za isti vremenski period navode broj od 1.258.537, uz procenjenih 1,6 milijuna od 1929. do 1953.[7]

Većina zatvorenika u gulazima nisu bili politički zatvorenici, iako je njihov udio bio značajan. Ljudi su mogli završiti u gulagu zbog djela kao što su sitna krađa ili pričanje viceva o vladinim službenicima. Bilo je i stotine američkih zatvorenika, koji su otišli živjeti u SSSR u potrazi za poslom tijekom Velike depresije ili su bili simpatizeri režima, samo da bi bili uhićeni zbog "sumnjivog" porijekla.[8] Oko polovice političkih zatvorenika su poslati u logore bez suđenja, većinom tijekom Velike čistke; službeni podaci navode više od 2,6 milijuna zatvorskih kazni u slučajevima koje je istraživala tajna policija u periodu od 1921. do 1953. Gulag logori su drastično smanjeni nakon Staljinove smrti 1953. godine. Koljma je bio jedan od najzloglasnijih glulaga, smješten na krajnjem istoku Sibira.

Poznati zatvorenici

Povezano

Izvori

Reference

  1. Christiana 1997., str. 457
  2. Roth 2006., str. 122
  3. Rosefielde 2010., str. 247
    "Služili su kao polja za ubijanje tijekom većeg dijela Staljinovog razdoblja, i kao ogroman izvor jeftine radne snage za državne projekte."
  4. Steve Rosenberg (20. 11. 2012). „Solzhenitsyn's One Day: The book that shook the USSR”. BBC News. Pristupljeno 27. 11. 2012. 
  5. Dahlmann & Hirchfeld 1999., str. 244
  6. Havlat 2011., str. 3
  7. Rosefielde 2010., str. 67
  8. Noel Malcolm (20. srpnja 2008). „The Forsaken: Americans in Stalin's gulags”. Daily Mail. Pristupljeno 28. studeni 2012. 

Literatura

  • Christiana, David (1997). Imperial and Soviet Russia: Power, Privilege and the Challenge of Modernity. Melbourne: Palgrave Macmillian. ISBN 9780312173524. 
  • Dahlmann, Dittmar; Hirschfeld, Gerhard (1999). Lager, Zwangsarbeit, Vertreibung und Deportation. Klartext. ISBN 9783884747476. 
  • Havlat, Alexander (2011). Victims of the Bolsheviks: 1917-1953. Norderstedt: Grin Verlag. ISBN 9783640796564. 
  • Rosefielde, Steven (2010). Red Holocaust. Abingdon, Oxon: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780415777568. 
  • Roth, Mitchel P. (2006). Prisons And Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing. ISBN 9780313328565. 

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