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Krotonylkoenzým A

Krotonylkoenzým A
Krotonylkoenzým A
Krotonylkoenzým A
Všeobecné vlastnosti
Sumárny vzorec C25H40N7O17P3S
Systematický názov kyselina [(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purín-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-(fosfónooxy)oxolán-2-yl]metyl-(3R)-4-({3-[(2-{[(2E)-but-2-enoyl]sulfanyl}etyl)amino]-3-oxopropyl}amino)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimetyl-4-oxobutyldihydrogéndifosforečná
Synonymá krotonyl-CoA
Fyzikálne vlastnosti
Molárna hmotnosť 835,609 g/mol
Ďalšie informácie
Číslo CAS 992-67-6
PubChem 592
ChemSpider 444072
SMILES CC=CC(=O)SCCNC(=O)CCNC(=O)C(C(C)(C)COP(=O)(O)OP(=O)(O)OCC1C(C(C(O1)N2C=NC3=C(N=CN=C32)N)O)OP(=O)(O)O)O
3D model (JSmol) Interaktívny 3D model
Pokiaľ je to možné a bežné, používame jednotky sústavy SI.
Ak nie je hore uvedené inak, údaje sú za normálnych podmienok.

Krotonylkoenzým A (krotonyl-CoA) je intermediát vo fermentácii kyseliny maslovej a v metabolizme lyzínu a tryptofánu.[1][2][3] Je to dôležitá látka, ktorá vystupuje v metabolizme mastných kyselín a aminokyselín.[4] Skladá sa z kyseliny krotónovej viazanej na koenzým A.

Metabolizmus

Metabolizmus aminokyselín

V metabolizme lyzínu a tryptofánu vzniká krotonyl-CoA z glutakonyl-CoA pôsobením dekarboxylázy:[2][3]

glutakonyl-CoA → krotonyl-CoA + CO2

Krotonyl-CoA sa potom hydratuje za vzniku 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA pôsobením enoyl-CoA-hydratázy:[2][3]

krotonyl-CoA + H2O → 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA

Metabolizmus mastných kyselín

Krotonyl-CoA vzniká i v rozklade mastných kyselín, teda beta-oxidácii. Počas nej dochádza k postupnému skracovaniu reťazca lineárnych nasýtených mastných kyselín pomocou dehydrogenácie, hydratácie, oxidácie a štiepenia reťazca, čím vznikajú jednotky acetyl-CoA. V poslednom cykle, kedy sa štiepi butyryl-CoA, vzniká dehydrogenáciou krotonyl-CoA, ktorý sa hydratáciou premieňa na 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA.[3]

Fermentačné procesy

U niektorých mikroorganizmov, napríklad Clostridium kluyveri, je krotonyl-CoA produktom fermentačnej dráhy.[5][6][7] Výsledným produktom tohto procesu je butanoát.[6][7] Tento proces sa označuje ako Weizmannov proces.

Reduktázy

Pred rokom 2007 boli známe krotonyl-CoA karboxylázy a reduktázy (CCR), ktoré redukovali krotonyl-CoA na butyryl-CoA. Potom Alber a jeho spolupracovníci publikovali štúdiu, v ktorej usúdili, že konkrétny CCR homológ umožňuje redukciu krotonyl-CoA na (2S)-etylmalonyl-CoA, čo bola výhodná reakcia. Tento homológ pochádzal z baktérie Rhodobacter sphaeroides.[8]

Úloha v transkripcii

Posttranslačné úpravy histónov acetyláciou alebo krotonyláciou sú dôležité pre aktívnu transkripciu génov. Krotonylácia histónov je regulovaná koncentráciou krotonyl-CoA, ktorá sa môže meniť na základe environmentálnych bunkových podmienok alebo genetických faktorov.[9]

Referencie

  1. A crotonyl-CoA reductase-carboxylase independent pathway for assembly of unusual alkylmalonyl-CoA polyketide synthase extender units. Nature Communications, 2016, s. 13609. DOI10.1038/ncomms13609. PMID 28000660.
  2. a b c DOBROTA, Dušan, a kol. Lekárska biochémia. 2. vyd. Martin : Osveta, 2016. 799 s. ISBN 978-80-8063-444-5. S. 290 – 291, 295 – 298.
  3. a b c d VOET, Donald. Biochemistry. 4th ed. Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, 2011. ISBN 978-0-470-57095-1. S. 947 – 950, 1040 – 1042.
  4. Crotonyl-CoA [online]. . Dostupné online.
  5. The Synthesis of Butyric and Caproic Acids from Ethanol and Acetic Acid by Clostridium Kluyveri. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, December 1945, s. 373–381. ISSN 0027-8424. DOI10.1073/pnas.31.12.373. PMID 16588706. (po anglicky)
  6. a b The energy metabolism of Clostridium kluyveri and the synthesis of fatty acids. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, February 1948, s. 659–669. ISSN 0021-9258. DOI10.1016/S0021-9258(19)52752-1. PMID 18901185.
  7. a b Studies on the substrate range of Clostridium kluyveri; the use of propanol and succinate. Archives of Microbiology, April 1985, s. 187–194. Dostupné online. ISSN 0302-8933. DOI10.1007/BF00408056. (po anglicky)
  8. Beyond ethylmalonyl-CoA: The functional role of crotonyl-CoAcarboxylase/reductase homologs in expanding polyketide diversity. Nat. Prod. Rep., 2012, s. 72–86. Dostupné online. ISSN 0265-0568. DOI10.1039/c1np00082a. PMID 22124767.
  9. Intracellular Crotonyl-CoA Stimulates Transcription through p300-Catalyzed Histone Crotonylation. Molecular Cell, 2015-04-16, s. 203–215. ISSN 1097-2765. DOI10.1016/j.molcel.2015.02.029. PMID 25818647. (English)

Pozri aj

Zdroj

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