Umoja wa Ulaya

**Umoja wa Ulaya**
Kibulgaria: Европейски съюз Kicheki: Evropská unie Kidenmark: Den Europæiske Union Kieire: An tAontas Eorpach Kiestonia: Euroopa Liit Kifaransa: Union européenne Kifini: Euroopan unioni Kigiriki: Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση Kihispania: Unión Europea Kiholanzi: Europese Unie Kihungaria: Európai Unió Kiingereza: European Union Kiitalia: Unione Europea Kijerumani: Europäische Union Kikroatia: Europska unija Kilatvia: Eiropas Savienība Kilituanya: Europos Sąjunga Kimalta: Unjoni Ewropea Kipoland: Unia Europejska Kireno: União Europeia Kiromania: Uniunea Europeană Kislovakia: Európska únia Kislovenia: Evropska Unija Kiswidi: Europeiska unionen


www.europa.eu

Umoja wa Ulaya (kifupisho: EU) ni muungano wa kisiasa na wa kiuchumi wa nchi 27 za Ulaya, baada ya Ufalme wa Muungano kujitoa tarehe 31 Januari 2020, tukio la kwanza la namna hiyo.

Ulianzishwa mwaka 1991 juu ya msingi wa Jumuiya ya Kiuchumi ya Ulaya.

Shabaha kuu zilikuwa kujenga uchumi wa pamoja, kuboresha maisha ya watu wa Ulaya na kuzuia vita kati ya nchi za Ulaya.

Nchi 19 za Umoja huo hutumia pesa moja ya Euro.

Nchi nyingi za Umoja zimepatana kufungua mipaka yao bila vizuizi kwa wakazi wote.

Historia

Jumuiya ya Kiuchumi ya Ulaya ilibadilisha jina lake mwaka 1992 kufuatana na mikataba ya Maastricht kuwa Umoja wa Ulaya.

Nchi wanachama zilipatana kujenga siasa ya pamoja ya kiuchumi, kifedha, kisheria na katika mambo ya nje.

Mapatano ya Schengen ilifungua mipaka ili wakazi wa nchi hizo waweze kusafiri bila pasipoti wala vibali.

Nchi 10 tena zilijiunga na Umoja wa Ulaya mwaka 2004. Mbili zaidi ziliingia 2007 na Kroatia mwaka 2013.

Wakazi

Jumla ya wakazi ni milioni 447 (mwanzoni mwa 2020), sawa na 5.8% za watu wote duniani. Kuna miji 15 yenye watu zaidi ya milioni moja kila mmojawapo, kuanzia Paris ambayo inazidi milioni 10.

Upande wa lugha, lugha rasmi ni 24, lakini lugha inayotumika zaidi ni Kiingereza, kinachoweza kuzungumzwa na 51% za wakazi wote, ingawa ni lugha ya kwanza ya 1% tu. Lugha nyingine ambazo ni za kwanza kwa wananchi wengi ni: Kijerumani (18%), Kifaransa (13%) na Kiitalia (12%). Pia kuna lugha 150 hivi za kieneo.

Upande wa dini, wakazi wengi ni Wakristo (71.6%), hasa Wakatoliki (45.3%), Waprotestanti 11.1% na Waorthodoksi 9.6%. Waislamu ni 1.8%. Wafuasi wa dini nyingine ni 2.6%. Wengine 24% hawana dini au ni Wakanamungu.

Uhuru wa kuhama

Kila mtu mwenye uraia wa nchi ya Umoja anaruhusiwa kuhamia nchi yoyote nyingine na kufanya kazi au biashara huko bila vibali vya pekee.

Vilevile bidhaa zote zinazotengenezwa kote katika Umoja wa Ulaya zinaweza kuuzwa katika kila nchi. Hii ni sababu ya kuwa na sheria za pamoja zinazotawala masharti ya bidhaa na uzalishaji.

Vyombo vya Umoja

Halmashauri ya Ulaya

Halmashauri hii ni mkutano wa viongozi wa serikali za nchi wanachama. Wanakutana mara mbili kwa mwaka na kutoa maazimo muhimu.

Nafasi ya uraisi hubadilika kila baada ya miezi 6. Ufini ilishika uraisi kati ya Julai 2006 hadi Desemba 2006, ikafuatiliwa na Ujerumani tangu Januari hadi Juni 2007.

Baraza za mawaziri

Katika baraza hizi mawaziri ya Kilimo, Sheria, Mambo ya Nje hukutana na kupanga siasa ya pamoja.

Kamati ya Ulaya

Hii ni kamati ya utawala inayotekeleza maazimio ya Halmashauri na bunge. Kuna makamishna 24 na mwenyekiti. Inaelekea kuwa serikali lakini haina madaraka ya serikali bado.

Bunge la Ulaya

Bunge la Ulaya lina wabunge 751 wanaochaguliwa na wananchi kila baada ya miaka mitano.

Nchi wanachama wa Umoja wa Ulaya

Wanachama tangu 1958 (waanzilishi)

Wanachama tangu 1973

Mwanachama tangu 1981

Ugiriki

Wanachama tangu 1986

Wanachama tangu 1995

Wanachama tangu 2004

Wanachama tangu 2007

Wanachama tangu 2013

Kroatia

Nchi zinazoomba uanachama

Jeshi la Uropa/Ulaya

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/EU_PESCO_map.svg

Tazama pia

Marejeo

Berend, Ivan T. (2017). The Contemporary Crisis of the European Union: Prospects for the Future. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-24419-1.
Bomberg, Elizabeth; Peterson, John; Corbett, Richard, whr. (2012). The European Union: How Does it Work? (New European Union) (tol. la 3rd). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-957080-5.
Corbett, Richard; Jacobs, Francis; Shackleton, Michael (2011). The European Parliament (tol. la 8th). London: John Harper Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9564508-5-2.
Craig, Paul; de Búrca, Gráinne (2007). EU Law, Text, Cases and Materials (tol. la 4th). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-927389-8.
Federiga, Bindi, mhr. (2010). The Foreign Policy of the European Union: Assessing Europe's Role in the World (tol. la 2nd). Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8157-2252-6. The E.U.'s foreign-policy mechanisms and foreign relations, including with its neighbours.
Gareis, Sven; Hauser, Gunther; Kernic, Franz, whr. (2013). The European Union – A Global Actor?. Leverkusen, Germany: Barbara Budrich Publishers. ISBN 978-3-8474-0040-0.
Grinin, L.; Korotayev, A.; Tausch, A. (2016). Economic Cycles, Crises, and the Global Periphery. Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht, London: Springer International Publishing. ISBN 978-3-319-17780-9.
Jones, Erik; Anand, Menon; Weatherill, Stephen (2012). The Oxford Handbook of the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-954628-2.
Jordan, A.J.; Adelle, Camilla, whr. (2012). Environmental Policy in the European Union: Contexts, Actors and Policy Dynamics (tol. la 3rd). Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-84971-469-3.
Kaiser, Wolfram (2009). Christian Democracy and the Origins of European Union (New Studies in European History). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-49705-6.
Le Gales, Patrick; King, Desmond (2017). Reconfiguring European States in Crisis. Corby: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-879337-3.
McAuley, James, "A More Perfect Union?" (review of Luuk van Middelaar, Alarums and Excursions: Improving Politics on the European Stage, translated from the Dutch by Liz Waters, Agenda, 2019, 301 pp.; and Stéphanie Hennette, Thomas Piketty, Guillaume Sacriste, and Antoine Vauchez, How to Democratize Europe, translated from the French by Paul Dermine, Marc LePain, and Patrick Camiller, Harvard University Press, 2019, 209 pp.), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXVI, no. 13 (15 August 2019), pp. 46–48. James McAuley writes: "There was never a single moment that marked the definitive establishment of the European Union, which... has continued to define itself since World War II. [T]he major turning points have all been quiet steps on the way to further economic integration while preserving national sovereignty. Today there is only an incomplete monetary union without a real political contract to manage it... [Nevertheless, the Union's] various peoples have grown remarkably closer... The European Union now has open borders, a single market from Portugal to the Baltics, and more or less monthly meetings of member state leaders [the European Council]. What's more, those member states are now closer to each other than they are to the United States... [T]his transformation has occurred informally and organically... [R]obust supranational politics are taking root in Europe... Luuk van Middelaar writes: '[W]hat unites us as Europeans on this continent is bigger and stronger than anything that divides us.'" (pp. 47–48.)
McCormick, John (2007). The European Union: Politics and Policies (tol. la 5th). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-4202-3.
Mount, Ferdinand, "Why We Go to War", London Review of Books, vol. 41, no. 11 (6 June 2019), pp. 11–14. "[H]istorians have tended to weave their narratives around [...] high-flown themes: the struggle to maintain the balance of power, the struggles against fascism and communism, against the French Revolution or German militarism. In reality, most large wars have contained within them a violent and persistent economic conflict. [p. 12.] Not for one second do [the U.K.'s Brexiteers] pause to think how hard-won [Europe's economic integration and peace, within the European Union, have] been. They are the feckless children of seventy years of peace." [p. 14.]
Pinder, John; Usherwood, Simon (2013). The European Union: A Very Short Introduction (tol. la 3rd). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-968169-3. excerpt and text search
Rifkin, Jeremy (2005). The European Dream: How Europe's Vision of the Future Is Quietly Eclipsing the American Dream. City of Westminster, London: TarcherPerigee. ISBN 978-1-58542-435-1.
Smith, Charles (2007). International Trade and Globalisation (tol. la 3rd). Stocksfield: Anforme Ltd. ISBN 978-1-905504-10-7.
Staab, Andreas (2011). The European Union Explained: Institutions, Actors, Global Impact. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-22303-6. excerpt and text search
Steiner, Josephine; Woods, Lorna; Twigg-Flesner, Christian (2006). EU Law (tol. la 9th). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-927959-3.
Tausch, Arno (2012). Globalization, the Human Condition, and Sustainable Development in the Twenty-first Century: Cross-national Perspectives and European Implications. With Almas Heshmati and a Foreword by Ulrich Brand (tol. la 1st). Anthem Press, London. ISBN 978-0-85728-410-5.
Yesilada, Birol A.; Wood, David M. (2009). The Emerging European Union (tol. la 5th). Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-205-72380-5.

Viungo vya nje

Tovuti rasmi:

EUROPA – official web portal
Institutions
European Council
European Commission
Council
[http://web.archive.org/20080728172056/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/public/default_en.htm Archived 28 Julai 2008 at the Wayback Machine. European Parliament]
European Central Bank
Court of Justice of the European Union
Court of Auditors
Agencies
EUR-Lex – Sheria
Historical Archives of the European Union

Mandhari na data:

Eurostat – European Union Statistics Explained
Datasets related to the EU on CKAN
CIA World Factbook: European Union entry at The World Factbook
[http://web.archive.org/20120106052118/http://www.britishpathe.com/workspace.php?id=2537&display=list%2F Archived 6 Januari 2012 at the Wayback Machine. British Pathé] – Online newsreel archive of the 20th century
Search EU Financial Sanctions List
The European Union: Questions and Answers Congressional Research Service
Works by European Union katika Project Gutenberg

Taarifa:

Der Spiegel interview with Helmut Schmidt and Valery Giscard d'Estaing

Misaada ya kufundishia:

European Studies Hub – interactive learning tools and resources to help students and researchers better understand and engage with the European Union and its politics.

Viungo vya nje

Ulaya portal

WikiMedia Commons

Wikimedia Commons ina media kuhusu:

European Union

European Union online portal
[http://web.archive.org/20061227035210/http://www.eu2006.fi/en_GB/ Archived 27 Desemba 2006 at the Wayback Machine. Finland's EU Council Presidency]
'Your Europe' information website
[http://web.archive.org/20181016211903/http://www.europedia.moussis.eu/ Archived 16 Oktoba 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Europedia: Guide to European policies and legislation]

Makala hii kuhusu maeneo ya Ulaya bado ni mbegu.
Je unajua kitu kuhusu Umoja wa Ulaya kama historia yake, biashara, taasisi zilizopo, watu au utamaduni?
Labda unaona habari katika wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa?
Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari.