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Büyük koalisyon

Büyük koalisyon çok partili parlamenter sistemde siyasi yelpazede birbirini karşısında bulunan iki en büyük siyasi partinin bir araya gelerek kurdukları koalisyon hükûmetidir.[1] Terim, genellikle siyasal olarak farklı iki başat partinin olduğu ve parlamento temsiliyetini güvence altına almak için küçük partilerin seçim barajını aşabildikleri ülkeler için kullanılır.[2] İki büyük parti seçimde tek başlarına hükûmet kurabilecek çoğunluğu almayı denerler ancak bunda başarılı olamazlarsa siyasal olarak yakın küçük parti(ler) ile koalisyon kurmayı denerler. İki büyük parti ana ideolojik konularda farklılık gösterdikleri ve kendilerini rakip, hatta bazen düşman olarak görmeleri nedeniyle ortak bir hükûmet kurulması için mutabakata varmaları küçük partilere göre daha zordur.

Büyük koalisyonun sebepleri

İdeolojik olarak birbirlerinin zıddı partilerin bir hükûmet kurmaları normal şartlarda çok seyrek ortaya çıkan bir durumdur. Bu şartlardan biri halkın ulusal birlik ve denge arayışı ile ideolojik farklıları göz ardı edebileceği savaş ya da ekonomik depresyon gibi ulusal krizlerdir. Krizin üstesinden gelmek için geniş mutabakat olduğunda bu özellikle doğrudur. Bu durumda, büyük koalisyon, bir partinin hükûmet kurmak için yeterli sandalyeye sahip olsa bile gerçekleşebilir. Buna bir örnek I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında ve II. Dünya Savaşı öncesi ve sırasında Birleşik Krallık'ta kurulan ulusal hükûmetlerdir.

Ülke bazında Büyük koalisyonlar

Avusturya

Savaş sonrası Avusturya'da,, "Büyük koalisyon" (AlmancaGroße Koalition) muhafazakâr Avusturya Halk Partisi (ÖVP) ile Avusturya Sosyaldemokrat Partisi (SPÖ) arasında standart hükûmet yöntemi olmuştur. Kayda değer istisnalar ise Josef Klaus'un ikinci kabinesi (ÖVP, 1966–70) ve 1970 le 1983 yılları arasında SPÖ çoğunluğuyla Bruno Kreisky dönemi ve ÖVP'li Wolfgang Schüssel'in 2000 ile 2007 yılları arasında popülist sağ Avusturya Özgürlük Partisi ile yaptığı koalisyondur.

Almanya

Savaş sonrası Almanya'da, "Büyük koalisyon" iki büyük partinin (CDU/CSU ile Sosyal Demokratlar-SPD) oluşturduğu koalisyon hükûmetini anlatır. Tarihsel olarak Almanya iki büyük partiden birinin FDP ya da Yeşiller gibi daha küçük partiler ile yaptığı koalisyonları yapmaya yatkınsa da, federal seviyede üç Büyük koalisyon gerçekleşmiştir: Kiesinger Kabinesi (1966–1969), 1. Merkel Kabinesi (2005–2009, 3. Merkel Kabinesi (2013-2018) ve 4. Merkel Kabinesi (2018-2021).

İtalya

İtalya'da, "Büyük koalisyon" (İtalyancaGrande coalizione) sadece Nisan 2013 tarihinde merkez sol Demokratik Parti (PD), merkez sağ Özgürlük Halkı (PdL) partisi ile merkez Civic Choice (CC) ve Merkezin Birliği (UdC) partilerinin kurduğu yüksek çoğunluğa sahip hükûmeti anlatır. Fakat Kasım 2013 tarihinde, Özgürlük Halkı (sonradan Forza Italia ismini almıştır) Letta Kabinesi'nden ayrılmış, sonra PD, NCD, CC ve UdC arasında oluşan daha az çoğunluğa sahip Renzi Kabinesi'ne katılmamıştır.

Ayrıca bakınız

Kaynakça

  1. ^ Beachtiger, Andrea (2018). The Oxford handbook of deliberative democracy (1. bas.). Oxford, Birleşik Krallık: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198747369. 
  2. ^ Rohrschneider, Robert (2020). The Oxford handbook of political representation in liberal democracies (1. bas.). Oxford, Birleşik Krallık: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198825081. 

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