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Kültürel antropoloji

Kültürel antropoloji, etnolojik, etnografik, dilbilimsel, sosyal ve psikolojik analiz yöntemlerine dayanarak kültürlerin gelişimini inceleyen bilim dalı.[1] Fiziksel antropoloji, arkeoloji ve dilbilimsel antropoloji ile birlikte antropolojinin geleneksel dört ana bölümünden biri olarak tanımlanır.[2] Kültürel antropoloji, katılımcı gözlem (genellikle saha çalışması olarak adlandırılır, çünkü antropolog, araştırma yerinde uzun bir vakit geçirerek gözlem yapar), görüşme ve anketler dahil olmak üzere çeşitli metodolojilere sahiptir.[3] Franz Boas ve pek çok öğrencisi kültüre difüzyonist, tarihsel bir yaklaşım getirmiş, daha sonra gelen Margaret Mead ve başkaları kültür ve kişilik arasındaki ilişkiyi ele alan bir yaklaşım geliştirmişlerdir. Ruth Benedict gibi bazı bilim insanlarına göre kültür bir bütün olup kapalı bir sistemdir; başkalarına göre ise, o daha çok tarihsel olaylardan etkilenen gevşek biçimde bütünleşmiş bir davranış dizisidir. Ne kadar değişirse değişsin, tüm bu yazarların görüşleri şu temel varsayımı paylaşmaktadır: Kültür, davranışların başlıca belirleyicisidir.

Bu düşüncenin doğal sonucu, insanın kolaylıkla yoğurulabilen bir şey olduğu fikridir. Kültürel uyarlanma ödünç alma, yenilik ya da bireysel öğrenme yoluyla mümkün, hatta normaldir. Avrupa'da özellikle İngiltere'de 1908 - 1910 yılları arasında gelişen Sosyal Antropoloji; insan davranışlarının karşılaştırmalı incelenmesi olarak tanımlanabilir. Araştırmalarında toplumsal yapıya ağırlık veren; toplumsal kurumların ve formların sistematik ve karşılaştırmalı araştırmalarını yapan sosyal antropoloji Radcliffe Bronw ve Bronislaw Malinowski tarafından kurulmuş ve geliştirilmiş olup difüzyonizme ve evrimci kurama bir tepki olarak doğmuş; kısmen Durkheim sosyolojisini izlemiş kısmende sosyolojideki yapısal fonsiyonalist görüşün öncüsü olmuştur.

Alt bölümleri

Kaynakça

  1. ^ (İngilizce) "Cultural anthropology", The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4. basım 23 Şubat 2006 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.
  2. ^ (İngilizce) Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge, William A. Haviland, 2005, ISBN 0-534-62487-1, 9. sayfa
  3. ^ Christopher Johnson, Claude Levi-Strauss: the formative years, Cambridge University Press, 2003, s. 31

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