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实验

实验(英語:experiment)是在設定的條件下,用来检验某种假设,或者驗證或質疑某种已经存在的理论而进行的操作。通过控制变量产生不同的结果,实验有助于人们理解现象之间的因果关系。实验的目标各有不同,尺度也有大有小,但实验总是依赖可重复的操作,以及对结果的逻辑分析。

即使很小的孩子也能进行基础的实验,以理解世界万物的运行方式。

儿童能做基础的实验来理解物体落地的现象,科学家团队则可花数年时间进行系统探究才能进一步理解某些现象。在科学课上,实验等动手活动对学生的学习非常重要。实验能提高学生的考试成绩,助长学生的学习兴趣,使学生学习更投入,长期的实验的效果尤为显著。[1]实验可以是个人日常生活中自然的观察比较行为(如试尝一盒巧克力以找到最喜爱的口味),也可以是严格控制的(如在许多研究亚原子的科学家的监督下使用复杂设备开展的实验)。自然科学社会科学使用的实验有相当大的不同。

实验经常包含对照。通过对比对照组与实验组的测量结果,能把单个独立变量以外的因素对实验的影响降到最低,使实验的结果更加可靠。对照是科学方法的一部分。在理想的情况下,通过对照实验能控制所有的变量。这样,若得出预料中的结果,就有可能确定实验正确地进行了,实验结果是受检验的变量的作用结果。

科学研究中,實驗是可以重複的,不同的實驗者在前提一致,操作步驟一致的情況下,能夠得到相同的結果。通常科学实验最终以实验报告的形式发表。[來源請求]

试验的含义与实验不同,它指的是在已知某种事物的时候,为了了解它的性能或者结果而进行的试用操作。

简介

科学方法中,实验是一种为检验相互竞争的模型假说的优劣而进行的观察研究[2][3]研究者也用实验检验已有的理论或新的假说,以支持或证伪它们。[3][4]

对一些过程或现象,人们会预想它们是如何运作的,而实验就通常用于检验这些假说。但做实验不一定要先有假说,只是看看会发生什么就够了;做实验也有时只是为了检验之前的结果。如果实验的操作没有问题,那它所得出的结果,通常要么让这个假说显得更可信(但不是证明它:某些科学哲学指出,实验永远不能“证明”假说),要么提供反例从而证明理论或假说是错的,但总可以对理论或假说进行一些特意的改动来挽救,不过这样它就变复杂了。

实验也必须控制可能的干扰因素,否则会破坏实验的准确性或可重复性,或使实验的结果难以理解。通过对照实验,或在随机实验中通过随机分配,可以消除干扰。

实验是工程学物理科学的科学方法中的重要组成部分。工程师和科学家提出理论和假设,来描述特定条件下物理过程的运作方式(例如,能否用某种工艺规程生产所需的化合物),然后做实验来检验。这些领域中,实验通常侧重于复制相同的操作程序,希望以此产生相同的结果,而很少做随机分配。

医学社会科学中,不同学科使用实验研究的程度大相径庭。但当研究者做实验时,实验通常遵循临床试验的形式,把不同的处理或控制条件随机分配给不同的实验单位(通常是个人),评估所产生的若干结果。[5]不同于物理科学的实验规范,医学和社会科学中的实验通常侧重于平均处理效应(实验组和对照组中产生的结果的差异)或实验产生的其他的检验统计量[6]单个研究中通常不复制实验,而系统综述元分析则把单独的实验汇总起来研究。

各个科学分支中实验的实践各有差异。例如,农业研究中的实验经常是随机实验(如用于测试不同肥料的效果),而实验经济学在检验理论中的人类行为时,所做的实验经常不需要把处理和控制条件随机分配给每个人。

种类

根据不同研究领域中专业标准的不同,实验有多种分类方法。例如,可把实验分为对照试验自然实验实地实验

“真实验”是某些学科(如心理学政治学)中的一种社会研究方法,其中有两种变量:实验者控制自变量,并测量因变量。真实验的特征是,通过随机分配来中和实验者偏差,并在实验的大量重复中确保控制所有干扰因素。[7]

实验的目标因学科而异,包括检验理论、寻找并记录现象、发展理论、对决策者提出建议,这些目标不同而不互斥。[8]实验的目标不同,其效度也会不同。

著名的实验

  1. 相传伽利略比萨斜塔上曾经做过自由落體比萨斜塔实验,證明了自由落體下落的規律。但后来美国语言与信息研究中心的执行主任凯斯·达维林指出这是一个误传,伽利略并没有做过这项实验。
  2. 伽利略斜面滚球实验
  3. 拉瓦锡证明空气是由氧气氮气组成的实验。
  4. 青蛙实验,在缓慢升高温度的水中的青蛙不会跳出水面而被烫死,这证明你好了心理学中人若对于环境的不适应程度不明显,危机感将下降的说法。
  1. 密立根油滴实验
  2. 牛顿色散实验。
  3. 迈克耳孙-莫雷实验

参见

参考文献

  1. ^ Stohr-Hunt, Patricia. An Analysis of Frequency of Hands-on Experience and Science Achievement. Journal of Research in Science Teaching. 1996, 33 (1): 101–109. Bibcode:1996JRScT..33..101S. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2736(199601)33:1<101::AID-TEA6>3.0.CO;2-Z. 
  2. ^ Cooperstock, Fred I. General Relativistic Dynamics: Extending Einstein's Legacy Throughout the Universe Online-Ausg. Singapore: World Scientific. 2009: 12. ISBN 978-981-4271-16-5. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Griffith, W. Thomas. The physics of everyday phenomena : a conceptual introduction to physics 3rd. Boston: McGraw-Hill. 2001: 3–4. ISBN 0-07-232837-1. 
  4. ^ Wilczek, Frank; Devine, Betsy. Fantastic realities : 49 mind journeys and a trip to Stockholm. New Jersey: World Scientific. 2006: 61–62. ISBN 978-981-256-649-2. 
  5. ^ Holland, Paul W. Statistics and Causal Inference. Journal of the American Statistical Association. December 1986, 81 (396): 945–960. JSTOR 2289064. doi:10.2307/2289064. 
  6. ^ Druckman, James N.; Greene, Donald P.; Kuklinski, James H.; Lupia, Arthur (编). Cambridge handbook of experimental political science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2011. ISBN 978-0521174558. 
  7. ^ Types of experiments. Department of Psychology, University of California Davis. [2021-05-17]. (原始内容存档于2014-12-19). 
  8. ^ Lin, Hause; Werner, Kaitlyn M.; Inzlicht, Michael. Promises and Perils of Experimentation: The Mutual-Internal-Validity Problem. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2021-02-16: 1745691620974773. ISSN 1745-6916. doi:10.1177/1745691620974773 (英语). 

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