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担子菌门

担子菌门
《自然界的藝術形態》（1904年），圖版 63: Basimycetes
科学分类 编辑
界： 真菌界 Fungi
亚界： 双核亚界 Dikarya
门： 担子菌门 Basidiomycota
R.T. Moore, 1980
亞門及科
毒蠅傘 Amanita muscaria (傘菌目)

担子菌门（学名：Basidiomycota）是一类高等真菌，构成雙核亞界，包含2万多种，包括蘑菇、木耳等主要食用菌。更具体地说，担子菌门包括以下组：蘑菇，马勃，stinkhorns（鬼筆科），支架真菌（英语：Bracket fungus），和人体致病酵母隐球菌属等等。

担子菌门的真菌基本全为陆生品种，主要特征是由多细胞，有横隔膜的菌丝体组成，菌丝分为两种，初生菌丝体的细胞只有一个细胞核，次生菌丝体的细胞有两个核，两个核的次生菌丝体可以形成一种子实体，称为担子果（basidioma , basidiocarp），经过有性繁殖过程，在担子上生成4个有性担孢子（basidiospores）；沒有無性孢子。

担子菌门的真菌种类繁多，有可以食用的，有可以药用的，也有许多种类有毒，与人类的生活关系较大。担子负于担子果上，除锈菌和黑粉菌外担子果多大而显著。

分类

由67位真菌学家一个联合所采用的最新的分类[1]认可三种亚门（柄锈菌亚门，黑粉菌亚门，伞菌亚门）和两个其他纲级别的类群（节担菌纲，根肿黑粉菌纲），除了担子菌门之外。截至目前分类的亚门合并，和削减了在以前常用来描述担子菌门的各种过时的分类种群（见下文）。根据2008年的估计，担子菌门包括三个亚门（其中包括6名未分配的纲）16个纲，52个目，177个科，1589个属，31515个物种[2]。

传统上，担子菌门分为现在已废弃的两大类：

下级分类

根据Catalogue of Life，担子菌门包含以下纲：

  • 伞菌纲 Agaricomycetes
  • 伞型束梗孢菌纲 Agaricostilbomycetes （柄锈菌亚门）
  • 小纺锤菌纲 Atractiellomycetes （柄锈菌亚门）
  • 黑圈团菌纲 Bartheletiomycetes
  • 经典菌纲 Classiculomycetes （柄锈菌亚门）
  • 隐菌寄生菌纲 Cryptomycocolacomycetes （柄锈菌亚门）
  • 囊担子菌纲 Cystobasidiomycetes （柄锈菌亚门）
  • 花耳纲 Dacrymycetes
  • 根肿黑粉菌纲 Entorrhizomycetes （黑粉菌亚门）
  • 外担菌纲 Exobasidiomycetes （黑粉菌亚门）
  • 双担菌纲 Geminibasidiomycetes
  • 马拉色菌纲 Malasseziomycetes （黑粉菌亚门）
  • 微球黑粉菌纲 Microbotryomycetes ，小葡萄菌纲（柄锈菌亚门）
  • 混合菌纲 Mixiomycetes （柄锈菌亚门）
  • 丛梗孢酵母纲 Moniliellomycetes
    • 丛梗孢酵母目 Moniliellales
      • 丛梗孢酵母科 Moniliellaceae
        • 丛梗孢酵母属 Moniliella Stolk & Dakin
          • Moniliella acetoabutans Stolk & Dakin
          • Moniliella acetoabutens Stolk & Dakin, 1966
          • 空气丛梗孢酵母菌 Moniliella aenia，分离自五粮液501酿酒车间古窖池群生态环境
          • Moniliella byzovii Thanh, Hien & T.T.Thom ex Denchev & T.Denchev
          • Moniliella carnis Thanh, Hai, Hien, M.Takash. & Lachance
          • Moniliella casei Thanh, Hien, Yaguchi, J.P.Samp. & Lachance
          • Moniliella dehoogii Thanh, Hai, Hien, M.Takash. & Lachance
          • Moniliella floricola Thanh & Hien
          • Moniliella fonsecae C.A.Rosa, Nakase, Jindam., Limtong, Lachance, Fidalgo-Jim., H.M.Daniel, Pagnocca & Inácio, 2009
          • Moniliella macrospora (J.F.H.Beyma) Thanh, Hien, Yaguchi, J.P.Samp. & Lachance
          • Moniliella madida (de Hoog) C.A.Rosa & Lachance
          • Moniliella megachiliensis (G.D.Inglis & Sigler) C.A.Rosa & Lachance
          • Moniliella nigrescens (A.D.Hocking & Pitt) C.A.Rosa & Lachance
          • Moniliella oedocephalis (Haskins & J.F.T.Spencer) C.A.Rosa & Lachance
          • Moniliella pollinis (Hennebert & Veracht.) de Hoog & E.Guého
          • Moniliella pyrgileucina Thanh, Hien, Yaguchi, J.P.Samp. & Lachance
          • Moniliella sojae Thanh, Hien, Yaguchi, J.P.Samp. & Lachance ex Denchev & T.Denchev
          • Moniliella spathulata (de Hoog) C.A.Rosa & Lachance
          • Moniliella tomentosa (J.F.H.Beyma) Stolk
        • Trichosporonoides Haskins & J.F.T.Spencer, 1967
  • 柄锈菌纲 Pucciniomycetes （柄锈菌亚门）
  • 银耳纲 Tremellomycetes
  • 麦轴梗霉纲 Tritirachiomycetes （柄锈菌亚门）
  • 黑粉菌纲 Ustilaginomycetes （黑粉菌亚门）
  • 节担菌纲 Wallemiomycetes （黑粉菌亚门）

参考资料

  1. ^ Hibbett, David S.; Binder, Manfred; Bischoff, Joseph F.; Blackwell, Meredith; Cannon, Paul F.; Eriksson, Ove E.; Huhndorf, Sabine; James, Timothy; Kirk, Paul M. A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi. Mycological Research. May 2007, 111 (5): 509–547 [2016-04-09]. PMID 17572334. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004. （原始内容存档于2018-08-21）. 
  2. ^ Kirk, P.M., P.F. Cannon & J.A. Stalpers 2008. Dictionary of the Fungi, 10th ed., CABI. pp. 78–79.

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