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原始色素體生物

原始色素體生物
化石时期:盖层纪至今,1600–0 Ma[來源請求]
水中的藻類與陸地上的植物,攝於美国俄勒冈州斯普拉格河
科学分类 编辑
域: 真核域 Eukaryota
演化支 多貌生物 Diaphoretickes
演化支 CAM
演化支 原始质体生物 Archaeplastida
Adl et al., 2005[1]
下属类群
異名

原始色素體生物學名:Archaeplastida)即泛植物(Plantae sensu lato,广义的植物),是真核生物的主要類群,包括紅藻綠藻陸生植物及少量合稱為灰胞藻的生物。除了狹義的植物(Plantae sensu stricto)外,其他原始色素體生物只具有部分植物特性,例如红藻和灰胞藻沒有植物必需的葉綠素b

在其他的分類方式上本類生物歸屬於原生生物而非植物。

所有這些生物體的色素體葉綠體等)有兩層膜包圍,表明了這些生物體是直接内共生藍菌而進化来的。其他真核生物的色素體包有3或4层膜,显示牠们是通过内共生绿藻或红藻而获得的色素體。这也是本类生物称之为“原始色素體”生物的由来。

研究证据表明,红藻、绿藻与陆生植物明确形成了单系群,拥有共同起源[6]

原始色素體生物的细胞缺少中心粒,线粒体具有平的,具有纤维素成分的细胞壁,以淀粉形式存储食物。然而,这些特点也可能被其它真核生物所拥有。

原始色素體生物可分为两条进化分支。红藻具有叶绿素a藻胆蛋白(phycobiliprotein),类似于大多数蓝菌。绿藻与陆生植物被合称为绿色植物,具有叶绿素a和叶绿素b,但缺少藻胆蛋白。灰胞藻具有典型的蓝菌色素,并且其色素體不寻常地有细胞壁,称为蓝小体(cyanelles)[1]

形态

所有原始色素體生物都有色素體。其中灰胞藻的色素體与蓝菌极为接近,这为内共生理论提供了证据。

大多数原始色素體生物的细胞有细胞壁,基本上但不都是由纤维素构成。

细胞组织方式变化很大,从单细胞到群体,或为细胞成串排列组成藻丝状的丝状体,不分枝、假分枝或真分枝,不具鞭毛,不产游动细胞。乃至出现细胞分化的多细胞生命。

化石

最古老的原始色素體生物化石发现在北澳大利亚的绿藻化石,距今约15亿-13亿年前。这与分子时钟计算出来的绿藻起源于15亿年前相一致。最古老的红藻化石距今约12亿年。

分類

原始色素體生物这一名稱在2005年被提出,當時的定義包含灰藻紅藻绿色植物[1]

2015年以来,湯瑪斯·卡弗利爾-史密斯、帕特里克 J. 基林(Patrick J. Keeling)、阿拉斯泰尔 G. B. 辛普森(Alastair G. B. Simpson)和 Fabien Burki 各自带领研究小组展开相关研究,發現最初定義的原始色素體生物可能不是单系群。前三個研究小組的分子分析结果均显示,一类称为皮胆虫(学名:Picozoa 或 Picozomas)的原生生物嵌入了原始色素體生物內部,并与紅藻形成姐妹群,而隐藻生物的分类位置尚不明确[7][8][9]。四个研究小组的分析结果如下:

湯瑪斯·卡弗利爾-史密斯研究组[7] 帕特里克 J. 基林研究组[8] 阿拉斯泰尔 G. B. 辛普森研究组[9] Fabien Burki 研究组[10]
原始色素體生物

皮胆虫

红藻

绿色植物

灰藻

隐藻

原始色素體生物

皮胆虫

红藻

隐藻

灰藻

绿色植物

原始色素體生物

皮胆虫

红藻

灰藻

绿色植物

隐藻

原始色素體生物

灰藻

绿色植物

隐藻

皮胆虫

红藻

參考文獻

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Adl, S.M.; Simpson, A.G.B.; Farmer, M.A.; Andersen, R.A.; Anderson, O.R.; Barta, J.R.; Bowser, S.S.; Brugerolle, G.; Fensome, R.A.; Fredericq, S.; James, T.Y.; Karpov, S.; Kugrens, P.; Krug, J.; Lane, C.E.; Lewis, L.A.; Lodge, J.; Lynn, D.H.; Mann, D.G.; McCourt, R.M.; Mendoza, L.; Moestrup, O.; Mozley-Standridge, S.E.; Nerad, T.A.; Shearer, C.A.; Smirnov, A.V.; Spiegel, F.W.; Taylor, M.F.J.R. The New Higher Level Classification of Eukaryotes with Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Protists (PDF). Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology英语Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 2005, 52 (5): 399–451. OCLC 5155743550. PMID 16248873. S2CID 8060916可免费查阅. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x可免费查阅. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2022-08-11). 
  2. ^ Yazaki, E.; Yabuki, A.; Imaizumi, A.; Kume, K.; Hashimoto, T.; Inagaki, Y. Phylogenomics invokes the clade housing Cryptista, Archaeplastida, and Microheliella maris (预印本). 2021. S2CID 237393558可免费查阅. bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.08.29.458128v1可免费查阅. doi:10.1101/2021.08.29.458128. 
  3. ^ Schön, M.E.; Zlatogursky, V.V.; Singh, R.P.; Poirier, C.; Wilken, S.; Mathur, V.; Strassert, J.F.H.; Pinhassi, J.; Worden, A.Z.; Keeling, P.J.; Ettema, T.J.G.; Wideman, J.G. & Burki, F. Single cell genomics reveals plastid-lacking Picozoa are close relatives of red algae. Nature Communications. 2021, 12 (1): 6651. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.6651S. PMC 8599508可免费查阅. PMID 34789758. S2CID 237349008可免费查阅. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26918-0可免费查阅. 
  4. ^ Cavalier-Smith, T. Eukaryote Kingdoms: Seven or Nine?. BioSystems英语BioSystems. 1981, 14 (3–4): 461–481. PMID 7337818. S2CID 4704215. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2. 
  5. ^ Palmer, J.D.; Soltis, D.E.; Chase, M.W. The Plant Tree of Life: An Overview and Some Points of View. American Journal of Botany. 2004, 91 (10): 1437–1445. JSTOR 4123845. PMID 21652302. S2CID 23669086可免费查阅. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1437可免费查阅. 
  6. ^ Chan, C.X.; Yang, E.C.; Banerjee, T.; Yoon, H.S.; Martone, P.T.; Estevez, J.M.; Bhattacharya, D. Red and Green Algal Monophyly and Extensive Gene Sharing Found in a Rich Repertoire of Red Algal Genes. Current Biology. 2011, 21 (4): 328–333. PMID 21315598. S2CID 7162977可免费查阅. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.01.037可免费查阅. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Cavalier-Smith, T.; Chao, Ema E.; Lewis, Rhodri. Multiple origins of Heliozoa from flagellate ancestors: New cryptist subphylum Corbihelia, superclass Corbistoma, and monophyly of Haptista, Cryptista, Hacrobia and Chromista. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution英语Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2015, 93: 331–362. S2CID 31942270. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.07.004可免费查阅. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Burki, F.; Kaplan, M.; Trikhonenkov, D.V.; Zlatogursky, V.; Minh, B.Q.; Radaykina, L.V.; Smirnov, A.; Mylnikov, A.P.; Keeling, P.J. Untangling the early diversification of eukaryotes: a phylogenomic study of the evolutionary origins of Centrohelida, Haptophyta and Cryptista. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 2016, 283 (1823): 20152802. S2CID 8267845可免费查阅. doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.2802可免费查阅. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Lax, G.; Eglit, Y.; Eme, L.; Bertrand, E.M.; Roger, A.J. & Simpson, A.J.B. Hemimastigophora is a novel supra-kingdom-level lineage of eukaryotes. Nature. 2018, 564 (7736): 410–414. PMID 30429611. S2CID 205570993. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0708-8. 
  10. ^ Strassert, J.F.H.; Jamy, M.; Mylnikov, A.P.; Tikhonenkov, D.V.; Burki, F. New Phylogenomic Analysis of the Enigmatic Phylum Telonemia Further Resolves the Eukaryote Tree of Life. Molecular Biology and Evolution英语Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2019, 36 (4): 757–765. S2CID 58950441可免费查阅. bioRxiv 10.1101/403329可免费查阅. doi:10.1093/molbev/msz012可免费查阅. 

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