教統

教統（阿拉伯语：الإِجازَة，音伊贾扎，意为"许可"、"文凭"、"执照"；英語：Ijazah，复数形式：ijazahs 或 ijazat）亦可稱道統、道谱，是指伊斯蘭教各苏菲主义门宦资格认证系统。它是一种授权持有者传播某种文本或知识，尤其是伊斯兰教理和教法的凭证，由已拥有此类权威的人颁授。这种执照通常意味着学生已经通过学习，从有权威的老师那里获得了这些知识，尽管随着时间的推移，这一要求变得不那么严格^[1]。

教统往往可上溯至圣训（hadith）、伊斯兰教法（fiqh）和《古兰经》注释（tafsir）的文本；但也出现在神秘主义、历史和语言学作品中，以及文学集中。虽然教统主要与逊尼派相关，但这个概念在什叶派十二伊玛目派的圣训传统中也有出现。

《天方正學》的記載

蓝子羲《天方正学》稱：“天方道统，始于人祖阿丹。自阿丹大圣至穆至圣，为道统十一代”。如：戛迪林耶學派道統始於盤龍山道祖，經祁靜一、雲南道祖、周道祖、馬道祖、馮道祖、安道祖、楊道祖等七世。

學位

阿拉伯帝國的教統制直接影響了歐洲中世紀大學的學位制度^[2]^[3] 。

參考資料

^ Vajda, G., Goldziher, I. and Bonebakker, S.A. Id̲j̲āza. P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (编). Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd. Brill. 2012. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3485.
^ Al-Attas, Syed Farid. From Jāmi' ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue. Current Sociology. 1 January 2006, 54 (1): 112–132. ISSN 0011-3921. S2CID 144509355. doi:10.1177/0011392106058837. In the 1930s, the renowned Orientalist Alfred Guillaume noted strong resemblances between Muslim and Western Christian institutions of higher learning. An example he cited is the ijazah, which he recognized as being akin to the medieval licentia docendi, the precursor of the modern university degree.
^ Devin J. Stewart. Degrees, or Ijazah. Josef W. Meri (编). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Routledge: 201–203. 2005. ISBN 9781135455965. The license to teach law and issue legal opinions [...] is the type of ijazah that resembles the medieval European university degree most closely [...] The main difference between the two is that the granting authority is an individual professor, in the Islamic case, rather than a corporate institution in the case of the university. Despite this point, Makdisi has likened the ijazat al-ifta' wa'l-tadris to the medieval Latin licentia docendi and suggests that it served as a model for that degree.

[EI2-1] Vajda, G., Goldziher, I. and Bonebakker, S.A. Id̲j̲āza. P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (编). Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd. Brill. 2012. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3485.

[Attas-2] Al-Attas, Syed Farid. From Jāmi' ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue. Current Sociology. 1 January 2006, 54 (1): 112–132. ISSN 0011-3921. S2CID 144509355. doi:10.1177/0011392106058837. In the 1930s, the renowned Orientalist Alfred Guillaume noted strong resemblances between Muslim and Western Christian institutions of higher learning. An example he cited is the ijazah, which he recognized as being akin to the medieval licentia docendi, the precursor of the modern university degree.

[stewart-3] Devin J. Stewart. Degrees, or Ijazah. Josef W. Meri (编). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Routledge: 201–203. 2005. ISBN 9781135455965. The license to teach law and issue legal opinions [...] is the type of ijazah that resembles the medieval European university degree most closely [...] The main difference between the two is that the granting authority is an individual professor, in the Islamic case, rather than a corporate institution in the case of the university. Despite this point, Makdisi has likened the ijazat al-ifta' wa'l-tadris to the medieval Latin licentia docendi and suggests that it served as a model for that degree.

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