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白鹳

白鹳
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 鸟纲 Aves
目: 鹳形目 Ciconiiformes
科: 鹳科 Ciconiidae
属: 鸛屬 Ciconia
种:
白鹳 C. ciconia
二名法
Ciconia ciconia
(Linnaeus, 1758)
白鸛的分布與遷徙路徑,可見指名亞種(歐洲、西亞與北非↔阿拉伯半島與漠南非洲)和中亞亞種(中亞↔印度)的路線和範圍完全不重疊

   繁殖區
   度冬區

  遷徙路線
異名

白鹳[bái guàn]学名Ciconia ciconia)又名红嘴白鹳欧洲白鹳西方白鹳,是鹳科鹳属的一种大型涉禽,主要生活在中欧南欧非洲西北部和亚洲西南部。白鹳是候鸟,冬季迁徙到非洲和印度热带地区和,可以一直达到南非的南部。

特征

白鹳为大型鸟类,体长100-125厘米,翼展155-215厘米,体重2.3-4.5千克[2][3]。除了翅膀外,全身羽毛均为白色,喙部和腿部为红色[4],幼鸟则为黑色。一般在地面上缓慢而稳重地行走。飞行时将脖子伸展。

分类学

已知共有两个亚种

  • 指名亚种 Ciconia ciconia ciconia Linnaeus, 1758.
  • 中亚亚种 Ciconia ciconia asiatica Severtsov, 1873.

东方白鹳Ciconia boyciana)过去也被认为是白鹳的一个亚种[5],现在独立为一种。

文化

白鹳是立陶宛白俄罗斯的国鸟[6],还是2000年德国汉诺威世博会波兰馆的吉祥物[7]

如果不受人为干扰,白鹳几乎对人类没有恐惧感。在欧洲,它们经常在人家的屋檐上筑巢。波兰人、立陶宛人和乌克兰人认为,白鹳的筑巢能为家庭带来和谐的气氛[8]

中世紀日耳曼北部流傳,人類未出生的靈魂會棲息於水泉、池塘、沼澤等水域,歐洲白鸛將這些幼兒靈魂帶回來,送給期待嬰兒出生的父母。因傳說與歐洲白鸛的生態習性相當吻合,所以北歐人認為嬰兒是由歐洲白鸛送給人類的。另外,十九世紀中葉的安徒生童話在故事「鸛鳥」中,也描述未出生的孩子躺在水池旁做夢,等待鸛鳥飛來,送他們去父母親的家。

白鹳也是邮票上的流行图案[9],世界范围内至少有120多种关于白鹳的邮票。

白鹳,喜在樹頂或高台上築巢,一次產卵約4-5枚,會將新生雛鳥中體型瘦弱者(但也常有例外),予以淘汰,或啄死,或叼趕出巢外,任其墜落地面。

图集

参考

  1. ^ BirdLife International. Ciconia ciconia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. [1 October 2016].  資料庫資料包含說明此物種被編入無危級別的原因
  2. ^ Mead, C.; Ogilvie, M. The Atlas of Bird Migrations: Tracing the Great Journeys of the World's Birds. Cape Town: Struik. 2007: 88–89. ISBN 978-1-77007-499-6. 
  3. ^ Hancock, James; Kushan, James A. White stork. Storks, Ibises and Spoonbills of the World. Princeton University Press. 1992. ISBN 978-0-12-322730-0. 
  4. ^ Elliott, Andrew (1992). "Family Ciconiidae (Storks)". In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 84-87334-10-5. p.460
  5. ^ 赵正阶. 中国鹳科鸟类[J]. 野生动物学报, 1994(1):10-11.
  6. ^ Lithuania. Understanding the European Union: Member States. Centre d'Information sur les Institutions Européennes (CIIE). [2010-12-05]. (原始内容存档于2011-07-20). 
  7. ^ Kingdom of Storks. PAIIZ Newsletter. Polish Information and Foreign Investment Agency (PAIIZ). 2007-03-22 [2011-03-18]. (原始内容存档于2016-02-14).  |issue=被忽略 (帮助)
  8. ^ Stork. Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. [2010-12-05]. (原始内容存档于2016-12-07). 
  9. ^ Scharning, Kjell. White Stork. Theme Birds on Stamps. [2010-12-05]. (原始内容存档于2011-07-17). 

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