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高棉文

高棉文
类型
使用时期
約公元611年–現在[1]
书写方向從左至右 编辑维基数据
语言高棉語
相关书写体系
父体系
子体系
姊妹体系孟文, 古卡维文, 占語字母, 泰米尔文, 古兰塔文
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Khmr (355), ​Khmer
Unicode
别名Khmer
范围U+1780–U+17FF,
U+19E0–U+19FF
 本條目包含國際音標 (IPA) 符號。 有關 IPA 符號的介紹指南,請參閱 Help:IPA[ ]/ / 及 ⟨ ⟩ 之間的區別,參閲IPA§方括號與轉錄定界符

高棉文高棉语អក្ខរក្រមខេមរភាសា罗马化âkkhârâkrâm khémârâ phéasa;另有非正式的寫法:អក្សរខ្មែរ aksar Khmer)是用來書寫柬埔寨官方語言高棉語的文字。

一般認為高棉文是從印度的帕拉瓦文發展而來。[2]最古老的可確定日期的高棉文題刻在金邊南部的茶膠省吳哥波雷縣找到並可確定日期到公元611年。[3]

輔音

高棉文有35個辅音字母,但現代高棉文僅使用33個。下表同时标示各辅音字母的原型及用于复辅音的附加型,并在括号内注明各字母在音节尾声的发音。

組別 阴(A组) 阳(O组)
送氣 送氣 不送氣 送氣 鼻音
软腭音1 ក្ក
[kɑː(k~ʔ)]
ខ្ខ
[kʰɑː(k~ʔ)]
គ្គ
[kɔː(k~ʔ)]
ឃ្ឃ
[kʰɔː(k~ʔ)]
ង្ង
[ŋɔː(ŋ)]
硬腭音 ច្ច
[cɑː(c)]
ឆ្ឆ
[cʰɑː(c)]
ជ្ជ
[cɔː(c)]
ឈ្ឈ
[cʰɔː(c)]
ញ្ញ
[ɲɔː(ɲ)]2
齿龈音 ដ្ដ
[ɗɑː(t)]3
ឋ្ឋ
[tʰɑː(t)]
ឌ្ឌ
[ɗɔː(t)]
ឍ្ឍ
[tʰɔː(t)]
ណ្ណ
[nɑː(n)]
ត្ត
[tɑː(t)]3
ថ្ថ
[tʰɑː(t)]
ទ្ទ
[tɔː(t)]
ធ្ធ
[tʰɔː(t)]
ន្ន
[nɔː(n)]
唇音 ប្ប
[ɓɑː(p)]
ផ្ផ
[pʰɑː(p)]
ព្ព
[pɔː(p)]
ភ្ភ
[pʰɔː(p)]
ម្ម
[mɔː(m)]
喉音 ស្ស
[sɑː(h)]
ហ្ហ
[hɑː(h)]
យ្យ
[jɔː(j)]
រ្រ
[rːɔ]

[ɕɑː(h)]4

[lɑː(l)]5
អ្អ
[ʔɑː]5
ល្ល
[lɔː(l)]
វ្វ
[ʋɔː(ʋ~w)]

[ʂɔː(h)]4

1此组的四个塞音声母在[ɑ(ː)][aː][iə][ɨə][uə][ĕə][ŭə]等元音后读成喉塞音,在其他情况下仍读[k]
2的附加型就是其下的圆勾,如ខ្ញុំ[kʰɲom]“仆人、我”);但其叠加形为ញ្ញ
3这两个字母的附加型相同,读[t][ɗ]需依语境判断。
4同为阴组齿擦音,但現代高棉文已不使用,并入
5不可用于音节末尾。本身就是完整的字母,没有附加型;但អ្អ仍可用于复辅音之间,形成类似挤喉音的效果。

另外為表達外來語的讀音,高棉文也創造了一些輔音組合來表達。其中多半是使用及附加符号與其他字母結合。

高棉文 ហ្គ ហ្គ៊ ហ្ន ប៉ ហ្ម
國際音標 [gɑ] [gɔ] [nɑ] [pɑ] [mɑ]
結構 ហ+គ ហ+គ+៊ ហ+ន ប+៉ ហ+ម
高棉文 ហ្ល ហ្វ ហ្វ៊ ហ្ស |ហ្ស៊
國際音標 [lɑ] [fɑ][wɑ] [fɔ][wɔ] [ʒɑ][zɑ] [ʒɔ][zɔ]
結構 ហ+ល ហ+វ ហ+វ+៊ ហ+ស ហ+ស+៊

元音

高棉文标记元音的方式有两种:独立型与附加型。

独立型元音

独立型元音称为ស្រៈពេញតួsrăk pénhtuŏ:“完整的元音”),只能搭配零声母(喉塞音)念出;借自梵语除外。

独立元音 国际音标 注音
[ʔə], [ʔɨ], [ʔəj] ĕ
[ʔəj] ei
[ʔo], [ʔu], [ʔao] ŏ, ŭ
古用,今为 ឧក取代[4]
[ʔou], [ʔuː] ou
[ʔəw] âu
[ra~ru] rœ̆
[raː~ruː]
[la~lu] lœ̆
[laː~luː]
[ʔae], [ʔɛː], [ʔeː] ê
[ʔaj] ai
, [ʔao]
[ʔaw] au

附加型元音

高棉语称ស្រៈនិស្ស័យ srăk nissăyស្រៈផ្សំ srăk phsâm,即“连接式元音”。古高棉语中声母多分清浊,影响元音的发音,因此声母清浊的对立消失后并未如汉语族及周边的壮侗语族一般演变成阴阳四声,甚至九声六调,而是残留在元音中,发展成两组不同的元音。默认元音为[ɑː]的,称为阴组或A组;默认元音为[ɔː]的,称为阳组或O组。

附加型 附加型例 国际音标 注音
阴组 阳组 阴组 阳组
(不标) [ɑː] [ɔː] â ô 即默认元音。
អា [aː] [iə] a éa
អិ [ə], [eʔ] [ɨ], [iʔ] ĕ ĭ 仅在作为开元音时读[eʔ]/[iʔ] (所有短的开元音之后都需附上喉塞音)。也有在字尾不发音,或者在多音节词中读 [əj]的情况。 阳辅音后加 则读为[iː]
អី [əj] [iː] ei i
អឹ [ə] [ɨ] œ̆
អឺ [əɨ] [ɨː] œ
អុ [o(ʔ)] [u(ʔ)] ŏ ŭ 由于为短元音,作开元音时性质同[eʔ]/[iʔ] ,也有不发音的情况。តុ (“桌”,借自潮州话)读作[tok]
អូ [ou] [uː] o u 前读作[əw]/[ɨw]
អួ [uə] 不受阴阳分化影响。
អើ [aə] [əː] aeu eu
អឿ [ɨə] œă 不受阴阳分化影响。
អៀ [iə] 不受阴阳分化影响。
អេ [ei] [eː] é [c][ɲ]前读作[ə]/[ɨ](部分阴组字中读[ac]); 部分字中亦读[ae]/[ɛː]
អែ [ae] [ɛː] ê
អៃ [aj] [ɨj] ai ey
អោ [ao] [oː]
អៅ [aw] [ɨw] au ŏu

其他符号

其他符号 高棉语名 阴组发音 阳组发音
និគ្គហិត nĭkkôhĕt [ɑm] [um] 借自梵语、巴利语随韵ធំ (“大”)在标准语及某些方言中读[tʰom]
រះមុខ reăhmŭkh(发光的脸) [aʰ] [ĕəʰ] 借自梵语、巴利语止韵
យុគលពិន្ទុ yŭkôleăkpĭntŭ雙點/對兒點) [ɑʔ] [uʔ] 在开元音后附上喉塞音,并缩短元音长度。
មូសិកទន្ត musĕkâtônd
(鼠齿)
[ɑː] 将只有阳组字母的辅音(ង ញ ម យ រ វ) 转为阴组; 也用在阴组的上,将发音从b转为p。
ត្រីសព្ទ treisâpt [ɔː] 将只有阴组字母的辅音(ស ហ ប អ) 转为阳组。
ក្បៀសក្រោម kbiĕh kraôm
បុកជើង bŏkcheung (碰撞的脚)
见上 的下加型变体,用于辅音上方已有元音符号时。
បន្តក់ bântăk [ɑ] [u(ə)] 写在音节末尾的辅音上,缩短元音长度。
របាទ rôbat
រេផៈ répheăk
源自梵语的上加r,多数情况下使所附加的辅音不发音,如 ធម៌ /tʰɔː/ កាណ៌ /kaː/ 迦尔纳
ទណ្ឌឃាដ tôndâkhéat 使所附加的辅音不发音。
កាកបាទ kakâbat
(鸦脚)
起抑扬顿挫的强调作用 用来标示感叹词,如女性用的“是”:ចា៎ះ [caːh]
អស្តា âsda
(8字)
[ɑː] [ɔː] 用来表示辅音不应置于音节末尾,而是连其默认元音都需念出。
សំយោគសញ្ញា sanhyoŭk sannha [ɑʔ] [uʔ] 用于部分梵语及巴利语词汇的拼音,以标示辅音后有短元音需念出。
វិរាម vĭréam 罕见,用于省略辅音的默认元音。

數字

高棉文有自己的數字系統,从一到十内,寫法為十進位,讀法為五進位。也影響到泰文寮文的數字。

阿拉伯數字 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
高棉文數字
高棉文讀寫 (大寫數字) សូន្យ មួយ ពីរ បី បួន ប្រាំ ប្រាំមូយ ប្រាំពីរ ប្រាំបី ប្រាំបួន
發音 [soːu̯n] [muːə̯j] [piː] [ɓəːj] [ɓuːə̯n] [pram] [pram muːə̯j] [pram piː] [pram ɓəːj] [pram ɓuːə̯n]
對應漢文大寫數字

Unicode

Unicode 分配給高棉文的範圍是: U+1780 ... U+17FF 和 U+19E0 - U+19FF。

高棉文
Khmer[1][2][3]
Unicode Consortium 官方碼表(PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+178x
U+179x
U+17Ax
U+17Bx  KIV 
AQ
 KIV 
AA
U+17Cx
U+17Dx   
U+17Ex
U+17Fx
註釋
1.^ 依據 Unicode 14.0
2.^ 灰色區域表示未分配的碼位
3.^ 碼位U+17A3U+17A4分別於4.0和5.2版本時廢棄
高棉文符號
Khmer Symbols[1]
Unicode Consortium 官方碼表 (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+19Ex
U+19Fx ᧿
注釋
1.^ 依据Unicode 14.0

註釋

  1. ^ Herbert, Patricia; Anthony Crothers Milner. South-East Asia: languages and literatures : a select guide. University of Hawaii Press. 1989: 51–52. ISBN 0824812670. 
  2. ^ Punnee Soonthornpoct: From Freedom to Hell: A History of Foreign Interventions in Cambodian Politics And Wars. page 29, Vantage Press, Inc
  3. ^ Russell R. Ross: Cambodia: A Country Study, page 112, Library of Congress. Federal Research Division, 1990
  4. ^ Official Unicode Consortium code chart for Khmer页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (PDF)

引用

  • Dictionnaire Cambodgien, Vol I & II, 1967, L'institut Bouddhique (Khmer Language)
  • Huffman, Franklin. 1970. Cambodian System of Writing and Beginning Reader. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-01314-0
  • Jacob, Judith. 1974. A Concise Cambodian-English Dictionary. London, Oxford University Press.

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