1677年的書籍《Natural History of Oxfordshire》封面。左邊是羅伯特·波爾蒂所繪的斑龍股骨末端,是最早被科學研究的恐龍化石
在17世紀晚期的英格蘭,一些恐龍化石受到科學家的注意,開始初步的學術研究。在1676年,一個化石出土於英國牛津市附近的Cornwell的一處石灰岩採石場。這個骨頭碎片被交給牛津大學的化學教授羅伯特·波爾蒂(Robert Plot),他同時也是阿什莫爾博物館的館長,他在1677年的《Natural History of Oxfordshire》一書上敘述了對於這些骨頭的敘述。他將這塊骨頭正確地鑑定为一隻大型動物的股骨最下端,波爾蒂認為這些骨頭過大,所以並不屬於任何已知物種。波爾蒂後來認為這塊骨頭是個巨大人類的股骨,生存於聖經的大洪水事件之前[22][24]。在1763年,理查德·布魯克斯(Richard Brookes)再度敘述這個骨頭。他將這塊骨頭命名為Scrotum humanum,因為牠們看起來類似人類的一對睪丸。但是這個學名已經超過50年不曾被任何科學期刊使用,已成為一個無效的遺失名(Nomen oblitum)。這塊骨頭之後就遺失了,但已留下足夠的敘述,使後世科學家得以確認牠們屬於斑龍的股骨[183]。在1699年,Edward Lhuyd在牛津市近郊發現一顆牙齒化石,命名為Rutellum implicatum[184][185]。在2002年,科學家發現這顆牙齒屬於蜥腳下目恐龍,成為比斑龍還早被命名的恐龍。但是,這個學名的建立早於林奈氏分類系統的建立,而且已經超過50年不曾被任何科學期刊使用,而且是個根據牙齒而被建立的學名,因此本身也是個無效的遺失名[186]。
對於人類而言,恐龍是一类充滿神秘感的巨大生物。因此恐龍已成為大眾文化與媒體的一部分。在1854年,當時為維多利亞時代,倫敦水晶宮公園就建立了數座恐龍雕像,將恐龍重建為類似蜥蜴的大型四足動物[192]。這些雕像在一般大眾間造成轟動,當時也有販售小型模型,這是最早的周邊商品之一。自水晶宮公園之後,世界各地的公園與博物館多有恐龍展覽,這些展覽更使當時大眾增加對恐龍的興趣[12]。大眾對於恐龍的興趣有助於恐龍科學的發展。博物館之間的競爭,使馬什與科普間的化石戰爭激烈化,兩人極力發現更多、更奇特的化石,這有助於19世紀後期古生物學的發展[193]。從查爾斯·耐特(Charles R. Knight)的一系列恐龍繪畫可以看出,在19世紀後期,恐龍已被視為活躍的動物[194]。耐特的繪畫也可看出,當時古生物學界已將部份恐龍視為二足動物,採取尾巴拖曳在地表的三腳架步態[195]。
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