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纤维素

纤维素[1]
识别
CAS号 9004-34-6  checkY
ChemSpider NA
EC编号 232-674-9
性质
化学式 (C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
外观 白色粉末
密度 1.5 g/cm3
熔点 分解
溶解性
危险性
欧盟编号 not listed
NFPA 704
1
1
0
 
相关物质
相关化学品 淀粉
若非注明,所有数据均出自标准状态(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。
纖維素的結構式:葡萄醣通過β-1,4-糖苷鍵連接而成
纖維素分子塡充模型圖

纤维素cellulose)是一类有機化合物,其化學通式为(C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
,是由幾百至幾千個β(1→4)連接的D-葡萄糖單元的線性鏈(糖苷键)組成的多醣[2][3]。纖維素是綠色植物的、許多形式的藻類和卵菌的原代細胞壁的重要結構組分;一些種類的細菌分泌它以形成生物膜[4]。纖維素是地球上最豐富的有機聚合物,是自然界中分布最广、含量最多的一种多醣,是组成植物细胞壁的主要成分。棉花、亚麻、苧麻和黄麻部含有大量优质的纤维素。棉花纤维中的纤维素含量是90%,木头中纤维素含量是40%-50%,干燥的中纤维素含量是57%[5][6][7][8]

天然纤维素为无味的白色丝状物。纤维素不溶于水、稀酸、稀碱和有机溶剂,但在加热的条件下会被酸水解,主要的生物学功能是构成植物的支持组织。

纤维素的详细说明

纤维素是由葡萄糖组成的大分子多醣。不溶于水及一般有机溶剂。是植物细胞壁的主要成分之一。纤维素是世界上最丰富的天然有机物,占植物界含量的50%以上。棉花的纤维素含量接近100%,为天然的最纯纤维素来源。一般木材中,纤维素占40~50%,还有10~30%的半纤维素和20~30%的木质素。此外,麦秆甘蔗渣等,都是纤维素的丰富来源。纤维素是重要的造纸原料。此外,以纤维素为原料的产品也广泛用于塑料炸药电工及科研器材等方面。食物中的纤维素(即膳食纤维)对人体健康也有着重要的作用。

纤维素的性质

植物的細胞壁

纤维素是D-葡萄糖以β-1,4-醣苷键组成的大分子多醣,分子量约50,000~2,500,000,相当于300~15,000个葡萄糖基。分子式可写作(C6H10O5)n,是维管束植物、地植物以及一部分藻类细胞壁的主要成分。醋酸菌的荚膜,以及尾索動物亞門的被囊中也发现有纤维素的存在,棉的种子毛是高纯度(98%)的纤维素。所谓α-纤维素这一名称系指从原来细胞壁的完全纤维素标准样品用17.5%氢氧化钠(NaOH)不能提取的部分。β-纤维素、γ-纤维素是相应于半纤维素的纤维素。其中,α-纤维素通常是由结晶性纤维素所構成,而β-纤维素,γ-纤维素在化学上除含有纤维素以外,还含有各种多醣类。细胞壁的纤维素形成微纤维。宽度为10~30毫微米,长度有的达数微米。应用X线(X光)衍射和负染色法,根据电子显微镜观察,链状分子平行排列的结晶性部分组成宽为3~4毫微米的基本微纤维。推测这些基本微纤维集合起来就构成了微纤维。纤维素能溶于施魏策尔试剂(Schweizer's reagent,將氫氧化銅溶解於濃氨水中而製得)或浓硫酸。虽然不易用酸水解,但是稀酸或纤维素酶可使纤维素生成D-葡萄糖、纤维二糖和寡糖。在醋酸菌中有从UDP葡萄糖引子转移糖苷合成纤维素的(cellulose synthase,EC2.4.1.12)。在高等植物中已得到具有同样活性的颗粒性酶的标准样品。此酶通常是利用GDP葡萄糖(cellulose synthase,EC2.4.1.29),在由UDP葡萄糖转移的情况下,发生β-1,3-键的混合。微纤维的形成场所和控制纤维素排列的机制还不太明瞭。另一方面就纤维素的分解而言,估计在初生细胞壁伸展生长时,微纤维的一部分由于纤维素酶的作用而被分解,成为可溶性。

纤维素不溶于水和乙醇、乙醚等有机溶剂,能溶于施魏策尔试剂 Cu(NH3)4(OH)2 和铜乙二胺 (NH2CH2CH2NH2)Cu(OH)2 溶液等。水可使纤维素發生有限溶胀,某些酸、碱和盐的水溶液可渗入纤维结晶区,产生无限溶胀,使纤维素溶解。纤维素加热到约150℃时不发生显著变化,超过这温度会由于脱水而逐渐焦化。纤维素与较浓的无机酸起水解作用生成葡萄糖等,与较浓的苛性鈉溶液作用生成碱纤维素,与强氧化剂作用生成氧化纤维素英语oxidized cellulose

纖维素的來源

纤维素的实验室制法是先用水、有机溶剂处理植物原料,再用亚氯酸盐二氧化氯过乙酸去除其中所含的木質素,得到纤维素和半纤维素,然后采用各种方法除去半纤维素,制得纯纤维素。工业制法是用亚硫酸盐溶液或溶液蒸煮植物原料,除去木質素,然后经过漂白进一步除去残留木質素,所得漂白浆可用于造纸。

纤维素的作用

全世界用于纺织造纸的纤维素,每年达800万吨。此外,用分离纯化的纤维素做原料,可以制造人造丝赛璐玢以及硝酸纤维素醋酸纤维素酯类衍生物甲基纤维素英语Methyl cellulose乙基纤维素羧甲基纤维素醚类衍生物,用于塑料炸药电工及科研器材等方面。纤维素有良好的声学性能,用于制造乐器,如钢琴,提琴。人类膳食中的纤维素主要含于蔬菜和粗加工的谷类中,虽然不能被消化吸收,但有促进肠道蠕动,利于粪便排出等功能。草食动物则依赖其消化道中的共生微生物将纤维素分解,从而得以吸收利用。

纤维素的鉴别

纤维素燃烧无味,生成黑烟,用此法可鉴别人造丝和真丝(蛋白质,燃烧有烧焦羽毛气味)。

应用

棉花纤维代表最纯净的自然形成的纤维素,含有90%以上的多糖

用于工业用途的纤维素主要是来自木浆棉花[9]硫酸盐制浆法工艺用于从木质素中分离纤维素,木质素是植物物质的另一个重要组成部分。

纸制品

纸板和卡纸的主要成分是纤维素。

纤维

纤维素是和纤维植物制成纺织品的主要成分;其可以变成嫘縈(Rayon,即人造丝),一种20世纪初就开始使用于纺织品的重要纤维。

参考

  1. ^ Nishiyama, Yoshiharu; Langan, Paul; Chanzy, Henri. Crystal Structure and Hydrogen-Bonding System in Cellulose Iβ from Synchrotron X-ray and Neutron Fiber Diffraction. J. Am. Chem. Soc.. 2002, 124 (31): 9074–82. PMID 12149011. doi:10.1021/ja0257319. 
  2. ^ Crawford, R. L. Lignin biodegradation and transformation. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 1981. ISBN 0-471-05743-6. 
  3. ^ Updegraff DM. Semimicro determination of cellulose in biological materials. Analytical Biochemistry. 1969, 32 (3): 420–424. PMID 5361396. doi:10.1016/S0003-2697(69)80009-6. 
  4. ^ Romeo, Tony. Bacterial biofilms. Berlin: Springer. 2008: 258–263. ISBN 978-3-540-75418-3. 
  5. ^ Cellulose. (2008). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved January 11, 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
  6. ^ Chemical Composition of Wood页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). ipst.gatech.edu.
  7. ^ Piotrowski, Stephan and Carus, Michael (May 2011) Multi-criteria evaluation of lignocellulosic niche crops for use in biorefinery processes页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). nova-Institut GmbH, Hürth, Germany.
  8. ^ Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts. (2023). Hongwei Ma, Zhiyong Cheng, Xiaobai Li, Bin Li, Yujie Fu, Jianchun Jiang, Advances and challenges of cellulose functional materials in sensors,
  9. ^ Klemm, Dieter; Heublein, Brigitte; Fink, Hans-Peter; Bohn, Andreas. Cellulose: Fascinating Biopolymer and Sustainable Raw Material. ChemInform. 6 September 2005, 36 (36). doi:10.1002/chin.200536238. 

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