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麥金塔

顺时针方向为:MacBook Air (2015)、iMac G5 20" (2004)、Macintosh II (1987)、Power Mac G4 Cube (2000)、iBook G3 Blueberry (1999)和original Macintosh 128K (1984)
蘋果公司於1984年生產的Mac電腦128K型號

麦金塔电脑(英語:Macintosh/ˈmækintɒʃ/,1998年后多被简称为Mac[1]),是自1984年1月起由苹果公司设计、开发和销售的個人電腦系列產品。

Macintosh 128k是第一款成功的面向大众市场的个人电脑,它拥有图形用户界面、内置屏幕和鼠标。[2]苹果公司同时销售其广受欢迎的Apple II系列电脑麦金塔电脑近十年,直到Apple II于1993年停产。

早期的麦金塔电脑都较贵,[3]市场由更便宜的Commodore 64IBM PCIBM PC兼容机主导。[4]但后来,麦金塔操作系统被教育和出版领域广泛应用,使得苹果公司成为未来十年的世界第二大个人电脑制造商。20世纪90年代初,苹果公司推出了麦金塔LC II和Color Classic英语Macintosh Color Classic,这两款产品在价格上与当时的Wintel机型竞争。

然而,Windows 3.1x和英特尔奔騰(Pentium)处理器的出现,逐渐夺走了Mac电脑的市场份额。在大多数基准测试中,奔腾都击败了当时Mac电脑中使用的摩托罗拉68040英语Motorola 68040。上世纪90年代中期,麦金塔电脑的架构开始向PowerPC迁移并发布了Power Macintosh系列。但因为普通PC一直在降价以及Macintosh Performa的库存管理不善,再加上Windows 95的发布,导致了Mac用户数量持续下降。到1994年底,Mac电脑的市场占有率跌至第三位,当年康柏成为最大的个人电脑制造商。

1997年中期,史蒂夫·乔布斯重新回到苹果公司,将原来由近20款麦金塔电脑组成的复杂产品线减至1999年中期的4款:Power Macintosh G3, iMac, 14.1" PowerBook G3英语PowerBook G3, and 12" iBook。这四款产品都凭借其高性能、有竞争力的价格和美观的工业设计在商业上取得了关键的成功,帮助苹果重新盈利。

2006年,麦金塔电脑开始向英特爾平台遷移,大约在这个时候,苹果公司逐渐淘汰了麦金塔这个名字,取而代之的是“Mac”。Mac这个绰号自第一款产品面世以来就一直被广泛使用。

Mac产品线截至2022年6月23日為止,包括四款台式电脑iMacMac miniMac ProMac Studio)和两款笔记本电脑MacBook AirMacBook Pro),以及两款配套显示器Pro Display XDRStudio Display)。

命名

麦金塔项目始于1979年,当时苹果公司的一名员工傑夫·拉斯金想为普通消费者提供一种易用、低成本的电脑。他想用他最喜欢的苹果品种旭苹果(McIntosh)[5]来命名这台电脑,但由于法律原因,為了避免與一家音響製造商“McIntosh”(McIntosh Laboratory英语McIntosh Laboratory)的公司名稱重複,所以拼写改为"Macintosh"。[6]

直到现在,蘋果公司仍沿用Mac来命名其所設計生產的個人電腦。

指令集架构

麦金塔电脑(Mac)在历史上曾经3次更换指令集架构。

操作系统

最初Mac的預設作業系統命名為:System Software,至System 7.5.1起正式改名為Mac OS。自從2001年Cheetah發布時,版本號一直停留在10開頭。2001年最初被稱為Mac OS X,10.8 Mountain Lion起命名為OS X,10.12 Sierra起,為與其他平台作業系統iOSwatchOStvOS等命名方式相符合,又更名為macOS。2020年,引進ARM架構改寫的macOS 11 Big Sur被官方公佈,版本號正式脫離10開頭。

macOS 使用Darwin作為系統核心,而Darwin核心是以FreeBSD為範本加以改寫而成。

产品时间线

iPadApple WatchiPhoneiPodApple NewtonApple IIMacBook (Retina显示屏)MacBookMacBook AirMacBook ProPowerBook G4PowerBook G4PowerBook G4PowerBook G3PowerBook G3PowerBookiBookPowerBook 500PowerBook 2400cPowerBookApple IIe CardPowerBook DuoMacintosh PortableXserveMac ProXservePower Mac G5XservePower Mac G4Power Macintosh G3Power Mac G4 CubePower Macintosh G3Twentieth Anniversary MacintoshPower MacintoshMacintosh QuadraMacintosh LC familyMacintosh II seriesMacintosh XLApple LisaMac MiniIMac ProiMac (Intel-based)Mac miniEMaciMac G5Macintosh TViMac G4Macintosh Color ClassicMacintosh Classic IIiMacMacintosh ClassicMacintosh SE/30Macintosh PerformaMacintosh SE FDHDMacintosh 512KeMacintosh PlusMacintosh SEMacintosh 512KMacintosh 128K統一可延伸韌體介面New World ROMOld World ROM

来源:Glen Sanford, Apple History, apple-history.com

在售产品线

現今的麥金塔電腦分成以下幾條產品線:

桌上型電腦產品分別有:針對开发者和维护人员的工作站Mac Pro,針對一般開發者和藝術製作者的工作站Mac Studio,針對消費市場與教育市場和一體成形的iMac,還有針對入門市場及家用市場的Mac mini

筆記型電腦產品則分為:針對最高階用戶的移動式工作平台的14寸和16寸MacBook Pro和針對消費市場與商務便攜性市場的13寸MacBook Pro和MacBook Air

当前仍在更新的產品線如下表所示:

大众消费者 专业人士
筆記型電腦 MacBook Air

13.3" (retina) model;使用Apple M1Apple M2处理器
MacBook Pro

13.3"(retina) , 14" and 16" (Liquid Retina XDR) models;
使用Apple M2Apple M2 PROApple M2 MAX处理器
桌上型電腦 Mac mini







入门级产品;使用Apple M2Apple M2 PRO处理器
iMac




24" 4,5K (retina P3) model;使用Apple M1处理器
Mac Studio




進階級的工作站電腦,使用Apple M2 MAXApple M2 ULTRA处理器
Mac Pro

可以自定義的工作站電腦;使用Apple M2 ULTRA处理器

苹果公司为Mac电脑设计了多款配件,包括Pro Display XDRMagic MouseMagic Keyboard等等。

参考文献

  1. ^ Engst, Adam. The Few Remaining Uses of the Word "Macintosh". TidBITS英语TidBITS. 2020-01-10 [2020-01-15]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-14). 
  2. ^ Polsson, Ken. Chronology of Apple Computer Personal Computers. 2009-07-29 [2009-08-27]. (原始内容存档于2009-08-21). 
  3. ^ Apple unveils a Macintosh. Spokesman-Review ((Spokane, Washington)). Associated Press. 1984-01-24: C6 [2020-10-22]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-14). 
  4. ^ Reimer, Jeremy. Total share: 30 years of personal computer market share figures. Ars Technica. 2005-12-14 [2015-04-16]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-14). 
  5. ^ Raskin, Jef. Recollections of the Macintosh project. Articles from Jef Raskin about the history of the Macintosh. 1996 [2008-11-27]. (原始内容存档于2007-09-28). 
  6. ^ Raskin, Jef. More Mac Reactions. BYTE (letter). May 1984: 20 [2013-10-23]. 
  7. ^ 18 Years Ago Apple Introduced the First PowerPC Macs (2012-03-14). lowendmac.com. [2020-10-22]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-14). 
  8. ^ Apple to Use Intel Microprocessors Beginning in 2006. Apple Newsroom. 2005-06-06. (原始内容存档于2018-01-30). 
  9. ^ Apple announces Mac transition to Apple silicon. Apple Newsroom. 2020-06-22. (原始内容存档于2020-06-22). 
  10. ^ Kamps, Haje Jan. Apple surprise-launches new Mac Pro with Apple Silicon. TechCrunch. 2023-06-05 [2023-06-05]. (原始内容存档于2023-07-18) (美国英语). 

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