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Ćelijska migracija

Dva različita modea kretanja ćelija:
A – Citoskeletni model i B – model membranskog toka

Ćelijska migracija je centralni proces u razvoju i održavanju višećelijskih organizma. Formiranje tkiva tokom embrionskog razvoja, zacjeljivanja rana i imunski odgovor zahtijevaju orkestrirano kretanje ćelija u određenim smjerovima do određenih lokacija. Ćelije često migriraju kao odgovor na specifične vanjske signale, uključujući hemijske i mehaničke signale.[1] Greške tokom ovog procesa imaju ozbiljne posljedice, uključujući intelektualnu invalidnost, vaskularna bolesti, formiranje tumora i metastaze. Razumijevanje mehanizma kojim ćelije migriraju može dovesti do razvoja novih terapijskih strategija za kontrolu, naprimjer, invazivnih tumorskih ćelija.

Zbog visoko viskoznog okruženja (nizak Reynoldsov broj), ćelije moraju kontinuirano proizvoditi sile kako bi se mogle kretati. Ćelije postižu aktivno kretanje vrlo različitim mehanizmima. Mnogi manje složeni prokariotski organizmi (i spermatozoidi) koriste flagele ili cilije za pokretanje. Migracije eukariotskih ćelija tipski su daleko složenije i mogu se sastojati od kombinacija različitih mehanizama migracije. Općenito uključuje drastične promjene u obliku ćelija, što je uzrokovano citoskelet om. Dva vrlo različita scenarija migracije su puzanje (najčešće proučavano) i pokretljivost koja blenda.[2][3] Paradigmatski primjer takve pokretljivosti su epidermni keratociti, koji se široko upotrebljavaju u istraživanjima.[4]

Zajednička obilježja

A – Za uvlačenje repa neophodne su dinamičke mikrotubule, raspoređene na stražnjem kraju u ćeliji koja migrira. Zelene, visoko dinamične mikrotubule; žute, umjereno dinamične mikrotubule i crvene, stabilne mikrotubule.
B – Stabilne mikrotubule djeluju kao podupirači i sprječavaju povlačenje repa i na taj način inhibiraju migraciju ćelija.

Vjeruje se da su procesi na kojima se temelji migracija sisarskih ćelija u skladu s procesima (ne-spermatozoidnog) kretanja.[5] Zajednička zapažanja uključuju:

  • Citoplazmatsko pomicanje na prednjoj ivici (sprijeda)
  • laminarno uklanjanje leđno nakupljenih ostataka prema zadnjoj ivici (straga)

Ovo posljednje svojstvo najlakše se opaža kada su agregati površinske molekule umreženi s fluorescentnim antitijelom ili kada male kuglice postanu vještački vezane za prednji dio ćelije.[6]

Uočeno je da se druge eukariotske ćelije migriraju na sličan način. Ameba Dictyostelium discoideum je korisna istraživačima jer dosljedno ispoljava hemotaksije, kao odgovor na cAMP; kreću se brže od kultiviranih ćelija sisara; i oni imaju haploidni genom, koji pojednostavljuje proces povezivanja određenog genskog proizvoda s njegovim učinkom na ćelijsko ponašanje.[7]

Također pogledajte

Reference

  1. ^ Mak, M.; Spill, F.; Roger, K.; Zaman, M. (2016). "Single-Cell Migration in Complex Microenvironments: Mechanics and Signaling Dynamics". Journal of Biomechanical Engineering. 138 (2): 021004. doi:10.1115/1.4032188. PMC 4844084. PMID 26639083.
  2. ^ Huber, F; Schnauss, J; Roenicke, S; Rauch, P; Mueller, K; Fuetterer, C; Kaes, J (2013). "Emergent complexity of the cytoskeleton: from single filaments to tissue". Advances in Physics. 62 (1): 1–112. Bibcode:2013AdPhy..62....1H. doi:10.1080/00018732.2013.771509. PMC 3985726. PMID 24748680. online
  3. ^ Pebworth, Mark-Phillip; Cismas, Sabrina A.; Asuri, Prashanth (2014). "A novel 2.5D culture platform to investigate the role of stiffness gradients on adhesion-independent cell migration". PLOS ONE. 9 (10): e110453. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9k0453P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110453. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4195729. PMID 25310593.
  4. ^ Prieto, Daniel; Aparicio, Gonzalo; Sotelo-Silveira, Jose R. (19. 6. 2017). "Cell migration analysis: A low-cost laboratory experiment for cell and developmental biology courses using keratocytes from fish scales". Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education. 45 (6): 475–482. doi:10.1002/bmb.21071. PMID 28627731.
  5. ^ "What is Cell Migration?". Cell Migration Gateway. Cell Migration Consortium. Arhivirano s originala, 22. 10. 2014. Pristupljeno 24. 3. 2013.
  6. ^ Abercrombie, M; Heaysman, JE; Pegrum, SM (1970). "The locomotion of fibroblasts in culture III. Movements of particles on the dorsal surface of the leading lamella". Experimental Cell Research. 62 (2): 389–98. doi:10.1016/0014-4827(70)90570-7. PMID 5531377.
  7. ^ Willard, Stacey S; Devreotes, Peter N (27. 9. 2006). "Signaling pathways mediating chemotaxis in the social amoeba, Dictyostelium discoideum". European Journal of Cell Biology (jezik: engleski). 85 (9–10): 897–904. doi:10.1016/j.ejcb.2006.06.003. ISSN 0171-9335. PMID 16962888.

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