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Prva intifada

Prva intifada (arapski: الانتفاضة الأولى, 'Prvi ustanak'), također poznata kao Prva palestinska intifada,[1][2] bila je neprekidna serija protesta građanske neposlušnosti i nereda koje su izveli Palestinci u palestinskim teritorijama pod okupacijom Izraela i Izrael.[3] Bila je motivirana kolektivnom palestinskom frustracijom zbog izraelske vojne okupacije Zapadne obale i Pojasa Gaze koja se približavala dvadesetogodišnjici, a započela je nakon arapsko-izraelskog rata 1967..[4] Pobuna je trajala od decembra 1987. do Madridske konferencije 1991, iako neki datiraju njen završetak na 1993, kada je potpisan sporazum iz Osla.[1]

Intifada je počela 9. decembra 1987.[5] u izbjegličkom kampu Jabalia nakon što se izraelski vozač kamiona sudario sa parkiranim civilnim vozilima, ubivši četiri palestinska radnika, od kojih su trojica bila iz izbjegličkog kampa.[6][7] Palestinci su optužili da je sudar bio namjeran odgovor na ubistvo jednog Izraelca u Gazi nekoliko dana ranije.[8] Izrael je negirao da je nesreća, koja se dogodila u vrijeme pojačanih tenzija, bila namjerna ili koordinirana.[7] Palestinski odgovor karakterizirali su protesti, građanska neposlušnost i nasilje.[9][10] Bilo je grafita, barikadiranja,[11][12] i široko rasprostranjenog bacanja kamenja i molotovljevih koktela na izraelsku vojsku i njenu infrastrukturu unutar Zapadne obale i Pojasa Gaze. Ovo je u kontrastu s građanskim naporima uključujući generalne štrajkove, bojkote izraelskih institucija civilne uprave u Pojasu Gaze i na Zapadnoj obali, ekonomski bojkot koji se sastoji od odbijanja da se u izraelskim naseljima radi na izraelskim proizvodima, odbijanja plaćanja poreza i odbijanja vožnje palestinskim automobilima sa izraelskim licencama.

Izrael je kao odgovor rasporedio oko 80.000 vojnika. Izraelske protivmjere, koje su u početku uključivale često korištenje bojne municije u slučajevima nemira, Human Rights Watch je kritikovao kao nesrazmjerne, pored prekomjerne upotrebe smrtonosne sile od strane Izraela.[13] U prvih 13 mjeseci ubijeno je 332 Palestinca i 12 Izraelaca.[14][15] Slike vojnika koji tuku adolescente toljagama su potom dovele do prihvatanja ispaljivanja polusmrtonosnih plastičnih metaka.[14] Tokom cijele šestogodišnje intifade, izraelska vojska je ubila najmanje 1.087 Palestinaca, od čega 240 djece.[16]

Među Izraelcima, ubijeno je 100 civila i 60 izraelskih vojnika,[17] često od strane militanata izvan kontrole Intifadinog Jedinstvenog nacionalnog vođstva ustanka,[18] a više od 1.400 izraelskih civila i 1.700 vojnika je ranjeno.[19] Nasilje unutar Palestine je također bila istaknuta karakteristika Intifade, sa široko rasprostranjenim pogubljenjima oko 822 Palestinca koja su ubijena kao navodni izraelski kolaboracionisti (1988–april 1994.).[20] U to vrijeme Izrael je navodno dobio informacije od oko 18.000 Palestinaca koji su bili kompromitovani,[21] iako je manje od polovine imalo dokazan kontakt s izraelskim vlastima.[22] Druga intifada koja je uslijedila održana je od septembra 2000. do 2005.

Reference

  1. ^ a b Nami Nasrallah, 'The First and Second Palestinian intifadas,' in David Newman, Joel Peters (eds.) Routledge Handbook on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Routledge, 2013, pp. 56–68, p. 56.
  2. ^ Eitan Alimi (9 January 2007). Israeli Politics and the First Palestinian Intifada: Political Opportunities, Framing Processes and Contentious Politics. Taylor & Francis. str. 1. ISBN 978-0-203-96126-1.
  3. ^ "Intifada begins on Gaza Strip". History.com. Pristupljeno 15 February 2020.
  4. ^ Lockman; Beinin (1989), p. 5.
  5. ^ Edward Said (1989). Intifada: The Palestinian Uprising Against Israeli Occupation. South End Press. str. 5–22. ISBN 978-0-89608-363-9.
  6. ^ Berman 2011, str. 41.
  7. ^ a b Omer-Man, Michael (4 December 2011). "The accident that sparked an Intifada". The Jerusalem Post. Pristupljeno 3 September 2011. CS1 održavanje: nepreporučeni parametar (link)
  8. ^ David McDowall,Palestine and Israel: The Uprising and Beyond, University of California Press, 1989 p. 1
  9. ^ Ruth Margolies Beitler, The Path to Mass Rebellion: An Analysis of Two Intifadas, Lexington Books, 2004 p.xi.
  10. ^ Lustick, Ian S. (1993). Brynen, Rex; Hiltermann, Joost R.; Hudson, Michael C.; Hunter, F. Robert; Lockman, Zachary; Beinin, Joel; McDowall, David; Nassar, Jamal R.; Heacock, Roger (ured.). "Writing the Intifada: Collective Action in the Occupied Territories". World Politics. 45 (4): 560–594. doi:10.2307/2950709. ISSN 0043-8871. JSTOR 2950709. S2CID 147140028.
  11. ^ "Palestinian intifada". BBC NEWS. Pristupljeno 3 September 2024. CS1 održavanje: nepreporučeni parametar (link)
  12. ^ Salem, Walid (2008). "Human Security from Below: Palestinian Citizens Protection Strategies, 1988–2005". u den Boer, Monica; de Wilde, Jaap (ured.). The Viability of Human Security. Amsterdam University Press. str. 179–201., on p. 190.
  13. ^ "The Israeli Army and the Intifada – Policies that Contribute to the Killings". Human Rights Watch. Pristupljeno 15 February 2020.
  14. ^ a b Audrey Kurth Cronin 'Endless wars and no surrender,' in Holger Afflerbach, Hew Strachan (eds.) How Fighting Ends: A History of Surrender, Oxford University Press 2012 pp. 417–433 p. 426.
  15. ^ Wendy Pearlman, Violence, Nonviolence, and the Palestinian National Movement,Cambridge University Press 2011, p. 114.
  16. ^ "Fatalities in the first Intifada". B'tselem. Pristupljeno 8 December 2023. CS1 održavanje: nepreporučeni parametar (link)
  17. ^ B'Tselem Statistics; Fatalities in the first Intifada.
  18. ^ Mient Jan Faber, Mary Kaldor, 'The deterioration of human security in Palestine,' in Mary Martin, Mary Kaldor (eds.) The European Union and Human Security: External Interventions and Missions, Routledge, 2009 pp. 95–111.
  19. ^ 'Intifada,' in David Seddon, (ed.)A Political and Economic Dictionary of the Middle East, Taylor & Francis 2004, p. 284.
  20. ^ Human Rights Watch, Israel, the Occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip, and the Palestinian Authority Territories, November, 2001. Vol. 13, No. 4(E), p. 49
  21. ^ Amitabh Pal, "Islam" Means Peace: Understanding the Muslim Principle of Nonviolence Today, ABC-CLIO, 2011 p. 191.
  22. ^ Lockman; Beinin (1989), p. [1]

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