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Sigma


Sigma
Aussprache
antik [s, z]
modern [s] - /?
Entsprechungen
lateinisch Ss
kyrillisch Сс
hebräisch ס
arabisch
phönizisch 𐤔
Transkription
Aus dem Antiken s
Aus dem Modernen s
Kodierung
Majuskel
Unicode-Nummer U+03A3
Unicode-Name GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA
HTML Σ
HTML-Entität Σ
Minuskel
Unicode-Nummer U+03C3
Unicode-Name GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA
HTML σ
HTML-Entität σ
Variante1
Unicode-Nummer U+03C2
Unicode-Name GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA
HTML ς
HTML-Entität ς

1 am Wortende

Der griechische Buchstabe Sigma (griechisches Neutrum σίγμα oder σῖγμα, neugriechisches Neutrum Σίγμα; Majuskel Σ, Minuskel im Wort σ, Minuskel am Wortende ς) ist der 18. Buchstabe des griechischen Alphabets und hat nach dem milesischen System den Zahlwert 200. In der griechischen Sprache wird es grundsätzlich als stimmlosesS“ gesprochen (hart), es sei denn, es steht vor einem stimmhaften Konsonanten wie dem m in Organismós (οργανισμός, „Organisation; Organismus“), dann wird auch das s stimmhaft (weich) ([z]).

Herkunft und Ableitungen

Das phönizische Alphabet hatte vier Buchstaben für Zischlaute. Die Griechen übernahmen zwei davon – Schin und Sade – für ihren S-Laut, die aber nie gleichzeitig in einem der unterschiedlichen altgriechischen Alphabete vorkamen. Der Buchstabe Samech wurde im ionischen Alphabet als X mit dem Lautwert ksi verwendet. Sein Name aber wurde in leicht abgewandelter Form auf den phönizischen Buchstaben „Sin“ übertragen, der nun im Griechischen Sigma hieß.

In hellenistischer Zeit wurde der Buchstabe in Handschriften zu einer heute als lunares Sigma (lunar: „mondsichelförmig“), eigentlich sigma lunatum, bezeichneten Form vereinfacht (ursprünglich nur als Majuskel Ϲ für die Unziale, daraus die Minuskel ϲ), die sich in der Spätantike und im Byzantinischen Reich zur meistverwendeten Form entwickelte und im kirchlichen Kontext noch heute üblich ist (orthodoxe Kirchen). Von dieser Buchstabenform leiten sich sowohl das koptische Semma (Ⲥ/ⲥ) als auch das kyrillische Es (С/с) ab, während sich das lateinische S von der gewöhnlichen Majuskel über die etruskische Form ableitet.

Verwendung

Beispiele

  • Sokrates (Σωκράτης Sōkrátēs, heutiges Griechisch Σωκράτης Sokrátis [sɔˈkratis])
  • Lunares Sigma:

Unicode-Ausgabe der Varianten

Neben der im obigen Infoblock angegebenen Normalform ist im Unicodeblock Griechisch und Koptisch auch das lunare Sigma als Symbolzeichen kodiert:

  • Majuskel Ϲ (Unicode U+03F9: „GREEK CAPITAL LUNATE SIGMA SYMBOL“)
  • Minuskel ϲ (Unicode U+03F2: „GREEK LUNATE SIGMA SYMBOL“)

Davon gibt es auch eine gepunktete Version:

  • Majuskel Ͼ (Unicode U+03FE: „GREEK CAPITAL DOTTED LUNATE SIGMA SYMBOL“)
  • Minuskel ͼ (Unicode U+037C: „GREEK SMALL DOTTED LUNATE SIGMA SYMBOL“)

Zusätzlich ist auch das vom römischen Kaiser Claudius im Rahmen seiner Schriftreform entwickelte Antisigma definiert sowie eine gepunktete Version davon:

  • Majuskel Ͻ (Unicode U+03FD: „GREEK CAPITAL REVERSED LUNATE SIGMA SYMBOL“)
  • Minuskel ͻ (Unicode U+037B: „GREEK SMALL REVERSED LUNATE SIGMA SYMBOL“)
  • Majuskel Ͽ (Unicode U+03FF: „GREEK CAPITAL REVERSED DOTTED LUNATE SIGMA SYMBOL“)
  • Minuskel ͽ (Unicode U+037D: „GREEK SMALL REVERSED DOTTED LUNATE SIGMA SYMBOL“)
Commons: Sigma – Sammlung von Bildern
Wiktionary: Sigma – Bedeutungserklärungen, Wortherkunft, Synonyme, Übersetzungen

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