Despite its multi-ethnic composition,[24][25] the culture of the United States held in common by most Americans can also be referred to as mainstream American culture, a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of Northern and Western European colonists, settlers, and immigrants.[24] It also includes significant influences of African-American culture.[26] Westward expansion integrated the Creoles and Cajuns of Louisiana and the Hispanos of the Southwest and brought close contact with the culture of Mexico. Large-scale immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from Eastern and Southern Europe introduced a variety of elements. Immigration from Africa, Asia, and Latin America has also had impact. A cultural melting pot, or pluralistic salad bowl, describes the way in which generations of Americans have celebrated and exchanged distinctive cultural characteristics.[24]
The United States currently has 37 ancestry groups with more than one million individuals.[27]White Americans with ancestry from Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa form the largest racial and ethnic group at 57.8% of the United States population.[28][29]Hispanic and Latino Americans form the second-largest group and are 18.7% of the United States population. African Americans constitute the country's third-largest ancestry group and are 12.1% of the total U.S. population.[27]Asian Americans are the country's fourth-largest group, composing 5.9% of the United States population. The country's 3.7 million Native Americans account for about 1%,[27] and some 574 native tribes are recognized by the federal government.[30] In addition to the United States, Americans and people of American descent can be found internationally. As many as seven million Americans are estimated to be living abroad, and make up the American diaspora.[31][32][33]
The United States is a diverse country, racially, and ethnically.[35]Six races are officially recognized by the United States Census Bureau for statistical purposes: Alaska Native and American Indian, Asian, Black or African American, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, White, and people of two or more races. "Some other race" is also an option in the census and other surveys.[36][37][38]
The United States Census Bureau also classifies Americans as "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino", which identifies Hispanic and Latino Americans as a racially diverse ethnicity that comprises the largest minority group in the nation.[36][37][38]
Europe is the largest continent that Americans trace their ancestry to, and many claim descent from various European ethnic groups.[45]
The Spaniards were the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now the continental United States in 1565.[46]Martín de Argüelles, born in 1566 in San Agustín, La Florida then a part of New Spain, was the first person of European descent born in what is now the continental United States.[47]Virginia Dare, born in 1587 in Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina, was the first child born in the original Thirteen Colonies to English parents. The Spaniards also established a continuous presence in what over three centuries later would become a possession of the United States with the founding of the city of San Juan, Puerto Rico, in 1521.
In the 2020 United States census, English Americans 46.5 million (19.8%), German Americans 45m (19.1%), Irish Americans 38.6m (16.4%), and Italian Americans 16.8m (7.1%) were the four largest self-reported European ancestry groups in the United States constituting 62.4% of the population.[48] However, the English Americans and British Americans demography is considered a serious under-count as they tend to self-report and identify as simply "Americans" (since the introduction of a new "American" category in the 1990 census) due to the length of time they have inhabited America. This is highly over-represented in the Upland South, a region that was settled historically by the British.[49][50][51][52][53][54]
In 2014, the United States Census Bureau began finalizing the ethnic classification of people of Middle Eastern and North African ("MENA") origins.[64] According to the Arab American Institute (AAI), Arab Americans have family origins in each of the 22 member states of the Arab League.[65] Following consultations with MENA organizations, the Census Bureau announced in 2014 that it would establish a new MENA ethnic category for populations from the Middle East, North Africa, and the Arab world, separate from the "white" classification that these populations had previously sought in 1909. The groups felt that the earlier "white" designation no longer accurately represents MENA identity, so they successfully lobbied for a distinct categorization.[66] This new category would also include Israeli Americans.[67] The Census Bureau does not currently ask about whether one is Sikh, because it views them as followers of a religion rather than members of an ethnic group, and it does not combine questions concerning religion with race or ethnicity.[68] As of December 2015, the sampling strata for the new MENA category includes the Census Bureau's working classification of 19 MENA groups, as well as Iranian, Turkish, Armenian, Afghan, Azerbaijani, and Georgian groups.[69] In January 2018, it was announced that the Census Bureau would not include the grouping in the 2020 census.[70]
Black and African Americans are citizens and residents of the United States with origins in sub-Saharan Africa.[74] According to the Office of Management and Budget, the grouping includes individuals who self-identify as African American, as well as persons who emigrated from nations in the Caribbean and sub-Saharan Africa.[75] The grouping is thus based on geography, and may contradict or misrepresent an individual's self-identification since not all immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa are "Black". Among these racial outliers are persons from Cape Verde, Madagascar, various Arab states, and Hamito-Semitic populations in East Africa and the Sahel, and the Afrikaners of Southern Africa.[74]African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa.[76] According to the 2020 United States census, there were 39,940,338 Black and African Americans in the United States, representing 12.1% of the population.[77][b][78] Black and African Americans make up the third largest group in the United States, after White and European Americans, and Hispanic and Latino Americans.[79] The majority of the population (55%) lives in the South; compared to the 2000 United States census, there has also been a decrease of African Americans in the Northeast and Midwest.[78]
Most African Americans are the direct descendants of captives from Central and West Africa, from ancestral populations in countries like Nigeria, Benin, Sierra Leone, Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, and Angola,[80] who survived the slavery era within the boundaries of the present United States.[81] As an adjective, the term is usually spelled African-American.[82] Montinaro et al. (2014) observed that around 50% of the overall ancestry of African Americans traces back to the Niger-Congo-speaking Yoruba of southwestern Nigeria and southern Benin (before the European colonization of Africa this people created the Oyo Empire), reflecting the centrality of this West African region in the Atlantic slave trade.[83] Zakharaia et al. (2009) found a similar proportion of Yoruba associated ancestry in their African American samples, with a minority also drawn from Mandinka populations (founders of the Mali Empire), and Bantu populations (who had a varying level of social organization during the colonial era, while some Bantu peoples were still tribal, other Bantu peoples had founded kingdoms such as the Kingdom of Kongo).[84]
According to United States Census Bureau data, very few African immigrants self-identify as African American. On average, less than 5% of African residents self-reported as "African American" or "Afro-American" on the 2000 U.S. census. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants (~95%) identified instead with their own respective ethnicities. Self-designation as "African American" or "Afro-American" was highest among individuals from West Africa (4%–9%), and lowest among individuals from Cape Verde, East Africa and Southern Africa (0%–4%).[96] African immigrants may also experience conflict with African Americans.[97]
Black and African American population by ancestry group[98][75]
According to the 2020 United States census, there are 2,251,699 people who are Native Americans or Alaska Natives alone; they make up 0.7% of the total population.[c][99] According to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), an "American Indian or Alaska Native" is a person whose ancestry have origins in any of the original peoples of North, Central, or South America.[99] 2.3 million individuals who are American Indian or Alaskan Native are multiracial;[99] additionally the plurality of American Indians reside in the Western United States (40.7%).[99] Collectively and historically this race has been known by several names;[100] as of 1995, 50% of those who fall within the OMB definition prefer the term "American Indian", 37% prefer "Native American" and the remainder have no preference or prefer a different term altogether.[101]
Among Americans today, levels of Native American ancestry (distinct from Native American identity) differ. Based on a sample of users of the 23andMe commercial genetic test, genomes of self-reported African Americans averaged to 0.8% Native American ancestry, those of European Americans averaged to 0.18%, and those of Latinos averaged to 18.0%.[102][103]
Another significant population is the Asian American population, comprising 19,618,719 people in 2020, or 5.9% of the United States population.[d][119][120] California is home to 5.6 million Asian Americans, the greatest number in any state.[121] In Hawaii, Asian Americans make up the highest proportion of the population (57 percent).[121] Asian Americans live across the country, yet are heavily urbanized, with significant populations in the Greater Los Angeles Area, New York metropolitan area, and the San Francisco Bay Area.[122]
The United States census defines Asian Americans as those with origins to the countries of East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. Although Americans with roots in West Asia were once classified as "Asian", they are now excluded from the term in modern census classifications.[123] The largest sub-groups are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from Cambodia, mainland China, India, Japan, Korea, Laos, Pakistan, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. Asians overall have higher income levels than all other racial groups in the United States, including whites, and the trend appears to be increasing in relation to those groups.[124] Additionally, Asians have a higher education attainment level than all other racial groups in the United States.[125][126] For better or for worse, the group has been called a model minority.[127][128][129]
While Asian Americans have been in what is now the United States since before the Revolutionary War,[130][131][132] relatively large waves of Chinese, Filipino, and Japanese immigration did not begin until the mid-to-late 19th century.[132] Immigration and significant population growth continue to this day.[133] Due to a number of factors, Asian Americans have been stereotyped as "perpetual foreigners".[134][135]
As defined by the United States Census Bureau and the Office of Management and Budget, Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders are "persons having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands".[136] Previously called Asian Pacific American, along with Asian Americans beginning in 1976, this was changed in 1997.[137] As of the 2020 United States census, there are 622,018 who reside in the United States, and make up 0.2% of the nation's total population.[e][138] 14% of the population have at least a bachelor's degree,[138] and 15.1% live in poverty, below the poverty threshold.[138] As compared to the 2000 United States census, this population grew by 40%;[136] and 71% live in the West; of those over half (52%) live in either Hawaii or California, with no other states having populations greater than 100,000. The United States territories in the Pacific also have large Pacific Islander populations such as Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands (Chammoro), and American Samoa (Samoan).[136] The largest concentration of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders, is Honolulu County in Hawaii,[138] and Los Angeles County in the continental United States.[136]
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander by ancestries[136]
The United States has a growing multiracial identity movement.[139]Multiracial Americans numbered 7.0 million in 2008, or 2.3% of the population;[120] by the 2020 census the multiracial increased to 13,548,983, or 4.1% of the total population.[140] They can be any combination of races (White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, "some other race") and ethnicities.[141] The largest population of Multiracial Americans were those of White and African American descent, with a total of 1,834,212 self-identifying individuals.[140]Barack Obama, 44th President of the United States who is biracial- his mother is white (of English and Irish descent) and his father is of Kenyan birth-[142][143] only self-identifies as being African American.[144][145]
Population by selected Two or More Races Population[146]
According to the 2020 United States census, 8.4% or 27,915,715 Americans chose to self-identify with the "some other race" category, the third most popular option. Also, 42.2% or 26,225,882 Hispanic/Latino Americans chose to identify as some other race as these Hispanic/Latinos may feel the United States census does not describe their European and American Indian ancestry as they understand it to be.[147]
A significant portion of the Hispanic and Latino population self-identifies as Mestizo, particularly the Mexican and Central American community.[148]Mestizo is not a racial category in the United States census, but signifies someone who has both European and American Indian ancestry.
Hispanic or Latino Americans constitute the largest ethnic minority in the United States. They form the second largest group in the United States, comprising 62,080,044 people or 18.7% of the population according to the 2020 United States census.[f][79][149]
Hispanic and Latino Americans are not considered a race in the United States census, instead forming an ethnic category.[150][151][152][153]
People of Spanish or Hispanic and Latino descent have lived in what is now United States territory since the founding of San Juan, Puerto Rico (the oldest continuously inhabited settlement on American soil) in 1521 by Juan Ponce de León, and the founding of St. Augustine, Florida (the oldest continuously inhabited settlement in the continental United States) in 1565 by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés. In the State of Texas, Spaniards first settled the region in the late 1600s and formed a unique cultural group known as Tejanos.
Hispanic and Latino American population by national origin[154][155]
Uncle Sam is a national personification of the United States and sometimes more specifically of the American government, with the first usage of the term dating from the War of 1812. He is depicted as a stern elderly white man with white hair and a goatee beard, and dressed in clothing that recalls the design elements of the flag of the United States – for example, typically a top hat with red and white stripes and white stars on a blue band, and red and white striped trousers.
Columbia is a poetic name for the Americas and the feminine personification of the United States of America, made famous by African American poet Phillis Wheatley during the American Revolutionary War in 1776. It has inspired the names of many persons, places, objects, institutions, and companies in the Western Hemisphere and beyond, including the District of Columbia, the seat of government of the United States.
English is the unofficial national language. Although there is no official language at the federal level, some laws—such as U.S. naturalization requirements—standardize English. In 2007, about 226 million, or 80% of the population aged five years and older, spoke only English at home. Spanish, spoken by 12% of the population at home, is the second most common language and the most widely taught second language.[157][158] Some Americans advocate making English the country's official language, as it is in at least twenty-eight states.[159] Both English and Hawaiian are official languages in Hawaii by state law.[160]
While neither has an official language, New Mexico has laws providing for the use of both English and Spanish, as Louisiana does for English and French.[161] Other states, such as California, mandate the publication of Spanish versions of certain government documents. The latter include court forms.[162] Several insular territories grant official recognition to their native languages, along with English: Samoan and Chamorro are recognized by American Samoa and Guam, respectively; Carolinian and Chamorro are recognized by the Northern Mariana Islands; Spanish is an official language of Puerto Rico.
Religion in the United States has a high adherence level compared to other developed countries and a diversity in beliefs. The First Amendment to the country's Constitution prevents the Federal government from making any "law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof". The U.S. Supreme Court has interpreted this as preventing the government from having any authority in religion. A majority of Americans report that religion plays a "very important" role in their lives, a proportion unusual among developed countries. However, similar to the other nations of the Americas.[164] Many faiths have flourished in the United States, including both later imports spanning the country's multicultural immigrant heritage, as well as those founded within the country; these have led the United States to become the most religiously diverse country in the world.[165]
Several of the original Thirteen Colonies were established by settlers who wished to practice their religion without discrimination: the Massachusetts Bay Colony was established by English Puritans, Pennsylvania by Irish and English Quakers, Maryland by English and Irish Catholics, and Virginia by English Anglicans. Although some individual states retained established religious confessions well into the 19th century, the United States was the first nation to have no official state-endorsed religion.[172] Modeling the provisions concerning religion within the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, the framers of the Constitution rejected any religious test for office. The First Amendment specifically denied the federal government any power to enact any law respecting either an establishment of religion or prohibiting its free exercise, thus protecting any religious organization, institution, or denomination from government interference. European Rationalist and Protestant ideals mainly influenced the decision. Still, it was also a consequence of the pragmatic concerns of minority religious groups and small states that did not want to be under the power or influence of a national religion that did not represent them.[173]
The American culture is primarily a Western culture, but is influenced by Native American, West African, Latin American, East Asian, and Polynesian cultures.
Original elements also play a strong role, such as Jeffersonian democracy.[178] Thomas Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia was perhaps the first influential domestic cultural critique by an American and a reaction to the prevailing European consensus that America's domestic originality was degenerate.[178] Prevalent ideas and ideals that evolved domestically, such as national holidays, uniquely American sports, military tradition,[179] and innovations in the arts and entertainment give a strong sense of national pride among the population as a whole.[180]
American culture includes both conservative and liberal elements, scientific and religious competitiveness, political structures, risk taking and free expression, materialist and moral elements. Despite certain consistent ideological principles (e.g. individualism, egalitarianism, faith in freedom and democracy), the American culture has a variety of expressions due to its geographical scale and demographic diversity.
Map of the American diaspora in the world (includes people with American citizenship or children of Americans):
United States
+ 1,000,000
+ 100,000
+ 10,000
+ 1,000
Americans have migrated to many places around the world, including Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Costa Rica, France, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, South Korea, the United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom. Unlike migration from other countries, United States migration is not concentrated in specific countries, possibly as a result of the roots of immigration from so many different countries to the United States.[181] As of 2016[update], there were approximately 9 million United States citizens living outside of the United States.[182] As the result of U.S. tax and financial reporting requirements that apply to non-resident citizens, record numbers of American citizens renounced their U.S. citizenship in the decade from 2010 to 2020.[183] In 2024 a new organization was created to lobby the U.S. Congress for relief from citizenship-based taxation that is often cited as the reason for the record renunciations.[184]
^étrangères, Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires. "Présentation des États-Unis". France Diplomatie: Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères. Archived from the original on January 25, 2022. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
^ abLuis Lug; Sandra Stencel; John Green; Gregory Smith; Dan Cox; Allison Pond; Tracy Miller; Elixabeth Podrebarac; Michelle Ralston (February 2008). "U.S. Religious Landscape Survey"(PDF). Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. Pew Research Center. Archived(PDF) from the original on July 5, 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2012.
^*"Fernandez v. Keisler, 502 F.3d 337". Fourth Circuit. September 26, 2007. p. 341. Archived from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved June 8, 2021. The INA defines 'national of the United States' as '(A) a citizen of the United States, or (B) a person who, though not a citizen of the United States, owes permanent allegiance to the United States.'
"Robertson-Dewar v. Mukasey, 599 F. Supp. 2d 772". U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas. February 25, 2009. p. 779 n.3. Archived from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved June 8, 2021. The [INA] defines naturalization as 'conferring of nationality of a state upon a person after birth, by any means whatsoever.'
Slotkin, Richard (2001). "Unit Pride: Ethnic Platoons and the Myths of American Nationality". American Literary History. 13 (3). Oxford University Press: 469–498. doi:10.1093/alh/13.3.469. JSTOR3054557. S2CID143996198. Archived from the original on March 13, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2023. But it also expresses a myth of American nationality that remains vital in our political and cultural life: the idealized self-image of a multiethnic, multiracial democracy, hospitable to differences but united by a common sense of national belonging.
Eder, Klaus; Giesen, Bernhard (2001). European Citizenship: Between National Legacies and Postnational Projects. Oxford University Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN9780199241200. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved February 1, 2013. In inter-state relations, the American nation state presents its members as a monistic political body-despite ethnic and national groups in the interior.
Petersen, William; Novak, Michael; Gleason, Philip (1982). Concepts of Ethnicity. Harvard University Press. p. 62. ISBN9780674157262. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved February 1, 2013. To be or to become an American, a person did not have to be of any particular national, linguistic, religious, or ethnic background. All he had to do was to commit himself to the political ideology centered on the abstract ideals of liberty, equality, and republicanism. Thus the universalist ideological character of American nationality meant that it was open to anyone who willed to become an American.
^Petersen, William; Novak, Michael; Gleason, Philip (1982). Concepts of Ethnicity. Harvard University Press. p. 62. ISBN9780674157262. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved February 1, 2013. ...from Thomas Paine's plea in 1783...to Henry Clay's remark in 1815... "It is hard for us to believe ... how conscious these early Americans were of the job of developing American character out of the regional and generational polaritities and contradictions of a nation of immigrants and migrants." ... To be or to become an American, a person did not have to be of any particular national, linguistic, religious, or ethnic background. All he had to do was to commit himself to the political ideology centered on the abstract ideals of liberty, equality, and republicanism. Thus the universalist ideological character of American nationality meant that it was open to anyone who willed to become an American.
^Fiorina, Morris P., and Paul E. Peterson (2000). The New American Democracy. London: Longman, p. 97. ISBN0-321-07058-5;
^U.S. Census Bureau. Foreign-Born Population Frequently asked QuestionsArchived November 17, 2015, at the Wayback Machine viewed January 19, 2015. The U.S. Census Bureau uses the terms native and native born to refer to anyone born in Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, or the U.S. Virgin Islands.
^ abThompson, William, and Joseph Hickey (2005). Society in Focus. Boston: Pearson. ISBN0-205-41365-X.
^Holloway, Joseph E. (2005). Africanisms in American Culture, 2d ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 18–38. ISBN0-253-34479-4. Johnson, Fern L. (1999). Speaking Culturally: Language Diversity in the United States. Thousand Oaks, California, London, and New Delhi: Sage, p. 116. ISBN0-8039-5912-5.
^ abc"Ancestry 2000"(PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. June 2004. Archived(PDF) from the original on December 4, 2004. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
^Jay Tolson (July 28, 2008). "A Growing Trend of Leaving America". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved December 17, 2012. Estimates made by organizations such as the Association of Americans Resident Overseas put the number of nongovernment-employed Americans living abroad anywhere between 4 million and 7 million, a range whose low end is based loosely on the government's trial count in 1999.
^"The American Diaspora". Esquire. Hurst Communications, Inc. September 26, 2008. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved December 17, 2012. he most frequently cited estimate of nonmilitary U. S. citizens living overseas is between three and six million, based on a very rough State Department calculation in 1999—and never updated.
^ ab"U.S. Census website". 2008 Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 27, 1996. Retrieved February 28, 2010.
^ abcdefGrieco, Elizabeth M.; Acosta, Yesenia D.; de la Cruz, G. Patricia; Gamino, Christina; Gryn, Thomas; Larsen, Luke J.; Trevelyan, Edward N.; Walters, Nathan P. (May 2012). "The Foreign Born Population in the United States: 2010"(PDF). American Community Survey Reports. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original(PDF) on February 9, 2015. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
^Lindsay Hixson; Bradford B. Hepler; Myoung Ouk Kim (September 2011). "The White Population: 2010"(PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. Archived(PDF) from the original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2012.
^Reynolds Farley, 'The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?', Demography, Vol. 28, No. 3 (August 1991), pp. 414, 421.
^Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, 'The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns', Social Science Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44–6.
^Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, 'Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82–86.
^"History Crash Course #55: Jews and the Founding of America"Archived December 23, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Spiro, Rabbi Ken. Aish.com. Published December 8, 2001. Accessed December 12, 2015. "The first Jews arrived in America with Columbus in 1492, and we also know that Jews newly-converted to Christianity were among the first Spaniards to arrive in Mexico with Conquistador Hernando Cortez in 1519."
^"2015 National Content Test"(PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. pp. 33–34. Archived(PDF) from the original on September 21, 2015. Retrieved December 13, 2015. The Census Bureau is undertaking related mid-decade research for coding and classifying detailed national origins and ethnic groups, and our consultations with external experts on the Asian community have also suggested Sikh receive a unique code classified under Asian. The Census Bureau does not currently tabulate on religious responses to the race or ethnic questions (e.g., Sikh, Jewish, Catholic, Muslim, Lutheran, etc.).
^Ira Sheskin; Arnold Dashefsky (2010). "Jewish Population in the United States, 2010"(PDF). Mandell L. Berman Institute North American Jewish Data Bank, Center for Judaic Studies and Contemporary Jewish Life, University of Connecticut. Brandeis University. Archived(PDF) from the original on October 25, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
^ abSonya Tastogi; Tallese D. Johnson; Elizabeth M. Hoeffel; Malcolm P. Drewery, Jr. (September 2011). "The Black Population: 2010"(PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. Archived(PDF) from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2012.
^"Black Loyalists". Black Presence. The National Archives. Archived from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2012.
^Nicholas Boston; Jennifer Hallam (2004). "Freedom & Emancipation". Educational Broadcasting Corporation. Public Broadcasting Service. Archived from the original on October 25, 2017. Retrieved September 11, 2012.
^ abcdeTina Norris; Paula L. Vines; Elizabeth M. Hoeffel (January 2012). "The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010"(PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. Archived(PDF) from the original on May 5, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
^Carl Zimmer (December 24, 2014). "White? Black? A Murky Distinction Grows Still Murkier". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 15, 2020. Retrieved October 21, 2018. The researchers found that European-Americans had genomes that were on average 98.6 percent European, .19 percent African, and .18 Native American.
^Bianchine, Peter J.; Russo, Thomas A. (1992). "The Role of Epidemic Infectious Diseases in the Discovery of America". Allergy and Asthma Proceedings. 13 (5). OceanSide Publications, Inc: 225–232. doi:10.2500/108854192778817040. PMID1483570.
^Thornton, Russell (1987). American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492. Volume 186 of Civilization of the American Indian Series. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 132. ISBN9780806122205. Retrieved September 9, 2012. From whatever cause wars may be brought on, either between different Indian tribes or between indians and whites, they are very destructive, not only of the lives of the warriors engaged in it, but of the women and children also, often becoming a war of extermination.
^Blond, Becca; Dunford, Lisa; Schulte-Peevers, Andrea (2008). Southwest USA. Country Regional Guides. Lonely Planet. p. 37. ISBN9781741047134. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
^"Israeli, Palestinian Americans could share new 'Middle Eastern' census category". The Times of Israel. October 23, 2016. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2022. This derives from a 1915 court ruling in Dow v. United States, in which a Syrian American, George Dow, appealed his being classified by the government as Asian. At the time, such a designation resulted in the denial of citizenship under the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act.
^Meizhu Lui; Barbara Robles; Betsy Leondar-Wright; Rose Brewer; Rebecca Adamson (2006). The Color of Wealth. The New Press.
^Tojo Thatchenkery (March 31, 2000). "Asian Americans Under the Model Minority Gaze". International Association of Business Disciplines National Conference. modelminority.com. Archived from the original on March 18, 2012. Retrieved February 26, 2012.
^ abHune, Shirley; Takeuchi, David T.; Andresen, Third; Hong, Seunghye; Kang, Julie; Redmond, Mavae'Aho; Yeo, Jeomja (April 2009). "Asian Americans in Washington State: Closing Their Hidden Achievement Gaps"(PDF). Commission on Asian Pacific American Affairs. State of Washington. Archived from the original(PDF) on November 3, 2010. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
^Lien, Pei-te; Mary Margaret Conway; Janelle Wong (2004). The politics of Asian Americans: diversity and community. Psychology Press. p. 7. ISBN978-0-415-93465-7. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved February 9, 2012. In addition, because of their perceived racial difference, rapid and continuous immigration from Asia, and on going detente with communist regimes in Asia, Asian Americans are construed as "perpetual foreigners" who cannot or will not adapt to the language, customs, religions, and politics of the American mainstream.
^ abKaren R. Humes; Nicholas A. Jones; Roberto R. Ramirez (March 2011). "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010"(PDF). 2010 Census Briefs. United States Census Bureau. Archived(PDF) from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
^Nocholas A. Jones; Jungmiwka Bullock (September 2012). "The Two or More Races Population: 2010"(PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. Archived(PDF) from the original on February 6, 2022. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
^Humes, Karen R.; Jones, Nicholas A.; Ramirez, Roberto R. "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010"(PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived(PDF) from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved March 28, 2011. "Hispanic or Latino" refers to a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race.
^Sharon R. Ennis; Merarys Ríos-Vargas; Nora G. Albert (May 2011). "The Hispanic Population: 2010"(PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. Archived(PDF) from the original on January 27, 2018. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
^"CIA Fact Book". CIA World Fact Book. 2002. Archived from the original on January 8, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2007.
^"Religious Composition of the U.S."(PDF). U.S. Religious Landscape Survey. Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 2007. Archived(PDF) from the original on May 6, 2009. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
^Feldman, Noah (2005). Divided by God. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, pg. 10 ("For the first time in recorded history, they designed a government with no established religion at all.")
^Marsden, George M. 1990. Religion and American Culture. Orlando: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, pp.45–46.
^Carlos E. Cortés (September 3, 2013). Multicultural America: A Multimedia Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. p. 220. ISBN978-1-4522-7626-7. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2015. The dominance of English and Anglo values in U.S. culture is evident in the country's major institutions, demonstrating the melting pot model.
^Peter J. Parish (January 1997). Reader's Guide to American History. Taylor & Francis. p. 276. ISBN978-1-884964-22-0. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2015. However, France was second only to Britain in its influence upon the formation of American politics and culture.
^Marilyn J. Coleman; Lawrence H. Ganong (September 16, 2014). The Social History of the American Family: An Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. p. 775. ISBN978-1-4522-8615-0. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2015. As the communities grew and prospered, Italian food, entertainment, and music influenced American life and culture.
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