The foreign relations of Peru are managed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. is an important first-tier state in South America,[1]Peru has been a member of the United Nations since 1945,[2] and Peruvian Javier Pérez de Cuéllar served as UN Secretary General from 1981 to 1991. Former President Alberto Fujimori's tainted re-election to a third term in June 2000 strained Peru's relations with the United States and with many Latin American and European countries, mainly small countries like Yemen but relations improved with the installation of an interim government in November 2000 and the inauguration of Alejandro Toledo in July 2001.
Peru is planning full integration into the Andean Free Trade Area. In addition, Peru is a standing member of APEC and the World Trade Organization, and is an active participant in negotiations toward a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA).
Diplomatic relations
List of countries which Peru maintains diplomatic relations with:
Peru established formal relations with the SADR on 5 May 1987,[164] under Alan García, but recognition existed since 16 August 1984. Said relations expired on 9 September 1996, with Peru taking a neutral part in the Western Sahara conflict.[165][166][167]
On September 8, 2021, Peru and the SADR re-established their bilateral relations,[168] but the former again severed them on August 16, 2022,[169] renovating them one month later.[170]
The Canadian government announced in February 2009 that it was adding Peru to its list of preferred countries to receive foreign aid. This list includes 18 countries and the West Bank and Caribbean.[182]
In November 1999, Peru and Chile signed three agreements which put to rest the remaining obstacles holding up implementation of the 1929 Treaty of Lima, which officially ended the 1879 War of the Pacific. In December 1999, PresidentAlberto Fujimori made the first visit ever to Chile by a Peruvian head of state.
Relations between the two nations have since mostly recovered. In 2005, the Peruvian Congress unilaterally approved a law which increased the stated sea limit with Chile. This law superseded the Peruvian supreme decree 781 for same purpose from 1947, which had autolimited its maritime border to geographical parallels only. Peru's position was that the border has never been fully demarcated, but Chile disagreed reminding on treaties in 1952 and 1954 between the countries, which supposedly defined seaborder. The border problem has still not been solved. However, Chile's Michelle Bachelet and Peru's Alan García have established a positive diplomatic relationship, and it is very unlikely any hostilities will break out because of the dispute.
Nevertheless, in early April 2007, Peruvian nationalistic sectors, mainly represented by left wing ex-presidential candidate Ollanta Humala decided to congregate at 'hito uno' right at the border with Chile, in a symbolic attempt to claim sovereignty over a maritime area known in Peru as Mar de Grau (Grau's Sea) just west of the Chilean city of Arica. Peruvian police stopped a group of nearly 2,000 people just 10 km from the border, preventing them from reaching their intended destination. Despite these incidents, the presidents of both Chile and Peru have confirmed their intentions to improve the relationships between the two countries, mainly fueled by the huge amount of commercial exchange between both countries' private sectors.
In October 1998, Peru and Ecuador signed a peace accord which definitively resolved border differences which had, over the years, resulted in armed conflict. Peru and Ecuador are now jointly coordinating an internationally sponsored border integration project. The United States Government, as one of four guarantor states, was actively involved in facilitating the 1998 peace accord between Peru and Ecuador and remains committed to its implementation. The United States has pledged $40 million to the Peru-Ecuador border integration project and another $4 million to support Peruvian and Ecuadorian demining efforts along their common border.
In November 2009, Peru made an agreement with Ecuador in which Peru would export between 40 and 50 megawatts of electricity until April 2010 in order to help Ecuador with its energy crisis.[189]Rafael Correa, Ecuador's president, expressed his gratitude to Peru for its generous aid during Ecuador's energy crisis.[190]
Peru and Mexico have historically had a unique relationship solidly based on that they share two of the most significant ancient cultures in the Americas. Both countries have expressed solidarity over the need to defend the recovery of cultural and archaeological heritage in the form of artifacts that have been illegally stolen from Peru and Mexico and which are to this date, illegally or legitimately kept in foreign locations.
Peru's President Alan García and Mexico's Felipe Calderón signed a joint declaration in April 2011 aimed at deepening the two countries' friendship, cooperation, integration, trade, investments and the permanent fight against poverty and organized crime. The two countries aim to achieve a new model of integration within Latin America, and to represent a positive, realistic, and active example of integration amongst two "brotherly" nations.
In October 2021, the leftist government of Peru re-established diplomatic relations with the leftist Venezuelan government of President Nicolas Maduro after four years.[209]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 September 1966.[251][252] On October of the same year, relations were elevated to embassy level.[253]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 September 1923.[277] Peru refused to recognize the Polish government in London on December 29, 1945. Peru and Poland re-established diplomatic relations on 14 April 1969.[278]
Peru and Russia established formal relations in Saint Petersburg on 16 May 1874, which were then severed after the Russian Revolution in 1918.[283] Relations between Peru and the Soviet Union were then established on 1 February 1969.[284] During and after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Peru and Russia continued their relations.
Both countries have an expanding relationship in all areas. In February 2018 trade ministers from both Peru and Australia signed a free trade agreement.[298] Until 2019, the Peruvian ambassador was also accredited to New Zealand.[299]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 September 1983[301]
Peru is accredited to Papua New Guinea from its consulate-general in Sydney.
Transnational issues
Illicit drugs
Until recently the world's largest coca leaf producer, Peru has reduced the area of coca under cultivation from 115,300 ha to
38,700 ha, or 66%, between 1995 and 1999;[302] most of cocaine base is shipped to neighboring Colombia, Bolivia, and Brazil for processing into cocaine for the international drug market, but exports of finished cocaine are increasing by maritime conveyance to Mexico, US, and Europe.
^Libro amarillo correspondiente al año ...: presentado al Congreso Nacional en sus sesiones ordinarias de ... por el titular despacho (in Spanish). Venezuela. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 2003. pp. 528–529.
^Memoria (in Spanish). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Peru. 1847. p. 40. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
^Annales parlementaires de Belgique: Session législative de ..., Volume 1 (in French). Belgium. Parlement. Chambre des représentants. 1851. p. 213.
^Coleccion de leyes, decretos y ordenes publicadas en el Peru desde el año de 1821 hasta 31 de diciembre de 1859: Ministerio de relaciones exterior es (in Spanish). 1862. p. 399.
^Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1964. p. 136.
^"สาธารณรัฐเปรู (Peru)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Thailand (in Thai). Retrieved 9 October 2023.
^El Perú construye mensaje presentado al Congreso Nacional por el ... Presidente Constitucional de la República (in Spanish). Peru. President. 1966. p. 55. Nuevas Relaciones Diplomaticas.- De conformidad con el propósito de ampliar nuestra acción diplomática en el mundo, hemos establecido relaciones con otros dos Estados africanos, el Niger y el Alto Volta (noviembre de 1965 y marzo de 1966)
^El Perú construye mensaje presentado al Congreso Nacional por el ... Presidente Constitucional de la República (in Spanish). Peru. President. 1966. p. 55. Nuevas relaciones Diplomaticas.- De conformidad con el propósito de ampliar nuestra acción diplomática en el mundo, hemos establecido relaciones con otros dos Estados africanos, el Niger y el Alto Volta (noviembre de 1965 y marzo de 1966)
^Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1967. p. 788. Tunisia - Peru . M. Adhemar Montagne , the Peruvian Ambassador to Tunisia , presented his credentials on May 30th .
^Información política mensual - Issues 28-39 (in Spanish). Desco, Centro de Estudios y Promoción del Desarrollo. Area de Estudios Políticos. 1975. pp. 75–5.
^Revista peruana de derecho internacional: órgano de la Sociedad Peruana de Derecho Internacional (in Spanish). Vol. 40. Impr. Torres Aguirre. 1988. p. 343.
^ abMuñoz, Heraldo (1987). Las Políticas exteriores de America latina y el Caribe: continuidad en la crisis (in Spanish). Grupo Editor Latinoamericano. p. 278. ISBN9789509432864. En lo que respecta al Africa sahariana y el Medio Oriente, además de la reapertura de la Embajada del Perú en Marruecos, se han establecido relaciones diplomáticas con Arabia Saudita en abril de 1986, con Bahrein y Oman en mayo de 1986 y con los Emiratos Árabes Unidos en junio de 1986. Además, se han establecido relaciones con el Reino Hachemita de Jordania en octubre de 1985, con Malasia en abril de 1986 y finalmente con la SWAPO, Movimiento de Liberación del pueblo de Namibia.
^Muñoz, Heraldo (1987). Las Políticas exteriores de America latina y el Caribe: continuidad en la crisis (in Spanish). Grupo Editor Latinoamericano. p. 278. ISBN9789509432864. Respecto a Sudáfrica, a los pocos días de haber asumido el cargo, el Canciller Wagner anunció haber cerrado el Consulado del Perú en la Ciudad del Cabo, como una demostración de condena al apartheid y de rechazo al neo-colonialismo y la discriminación racial. Asimismo, en 1985 el gobierno peruano condenó en Naciones Unidas el ataque realizado por fuerzas sudafricanas contra supuestas bases de guerrilleros en Angola y luego exigió ante el Consejo de Seguridad la imposición de severas sanciones contra el gobierno de Sudáfrica por su política de discriminación racial.
^Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1970. p. 5.
^ abMariátegui, Juan (1997). El diferendo fronterizo Perú-Ecuador (1994-1997): reflexiones en voz alta (in Spanish). J. Mariátegui. p. 280. Cuando él [Alberto Fujimori] fue presidente, en julio de 1990, existían seis embajadas en Africa. Luego, unos meses después suprimió cuatro (Kenia, Zimbabwe, Zambia y Argelia), quedando hasta el presente, Marruecos y Egipto.
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