Latin music has an ambiguous meaning in the music industry due to differing definitions of the term "Latin".[2][3] For example, the Latin music market in the United States defines Latin music as any release that is mostly sung in Spanish, regardless of genre or artist nationality, by industry organizations including the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and Billboard.[4][5] International organizations and trade groups such as the Latin Recording Academy include Portuguese-language music in the Latin category.[6][7][8]Billboard categorizes an artist as "Latin" if they perform in Spanish or Portuguese.[9]
Music journalists and musicologists define Latin music as musical styles from Spanish-speaking areas of Latin America and from Spain.[10][11] Music from Brazil is usually included in the genre and music from Portugal is occasionally included.[8][12]
Either definition of "Latin music" may be used for inclusion in this list. For an artist to be considered, at least 60%[a] of their catalog must be in either Spanish and/or Portuguese and must have sold at least 10 million copies. This information cannot be officially listed because no organization has recorded global Latin music sales. Only Latin recordings, which are defined as a record with 51% of its content in Spanish or Portuguese,[b] are counted in the certified units table. Instrumental musicians may also be included if they mainly perform any Latin music genre. For recordings with multiple versions, only Spanish and Portuguese version(s) will be counted towards certified units.
The tables are listed with each artist's reported sales figure(s) and their total independently certified units, and are ranked in descending order by reported sales. If two or more artists have the same reported sales, these are then ranked by certified units. The reported sales figure and the total of certified units for each country in the provided sources include sales of albums, singles, compilation albums, music videos, and downloads of singles and full-length albums. Sales figures, such as those from SoundScan, which are sometimes published by Billboard magazine, have not been included in the certified units column.
Definitions
Gold and platinum certifications issued after 2016, especially on singles, are in some cases more-than-50% streaming generated. Some 20th-century artists can also have significant amount of streaming-based certifications. The certified units of more recently active artists may sometimes be higher in the list than their listed claimed figures because RIAA and almost all other certifying bodies include streaming in the thresholds required for gold and platinum Digital Single Award certification.[17][18][19] For this reason, some singles and albums are over-certified by hundreds of thousands of units. The over-certified figures are often in millions of units for RIAA certifications.
The certified units for some artists and bands who have multi-disc albums can be higher than their listed claimed figures because RIAA counts each unit within a set as one unit toward certification. Certified units can also be inflated by the redundancy of certifications because each track's downloads and streams contribute to the certifications of both of the single and the respective album. RIAA counts 10 downloads of individual track as well as 1,500 audio/video streams, including those from singles released prior to the album release, as an equivalent to one unit of album.[20] Theoretically, if one song is streamed 1.5 billion times on YouTube, the single would receive diamond certification and the whole album could be certified platinum,[21] creating a combined total of 11 million certified units without any sales.
All artists included on this list, including charts, have their available claimed figures supported by available from countries with recording certifications. With the exception of certifications from Spain prior to 2003, the certified units are sourced from countries with local music industry associations including those with online databases. Certifications from Spain prior to 2003 are listed in the book Sólo éxitos. Año a año. 1959-2002 (2005) by Fernando Salaverri.[22] In the case of recordings RIAA has simultaneously certified standard and Latin, only the unit with the highest number of certified copies will be counted. For example, Mi Tierra (1993) by Gloria Estefan has been certified standard platinum for one millions units and 16× platinum in the Latin genre for 1,600,000 units, thus only the latter certification is counted. Albums that have been certified in both fields for the same value, such as Sueños Líquidos (1997) by Maná, which was certified platinum and 10× platinum in the Latin field, may use either certification but not both. All certified units are converted from gold, platinum or diamond certification awards based on criteria provided by certifying bodies.
Issued certifications for songs multiple artists have recorded, including featured artists, are added to each artist's total of certified units because all of the artists would have played a significant part in the song. Certifications issued for songs that have been recorded by four or more artists are not included because the artists involved would have played minor roles.[c]
Standards
To ensure the highest level of fact-checking and editorial control, this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music-industry related organizations such as Billboard.
The figures of total certified units in the tables below are based on certified units of albums, singles—including digital downloads—and videos.
The order of markets in the tables is based on retail value each market generates, respectively; the largest market is at the top and smallest is at the bottom.[23][24]
The reported sales may include non Spanish/Portuguese recordings that are otherwise omitted from total certified units.
^Based on the current Latin Recording Academy's linguistic requirement as of 2024.[13]
^This is the same metric Billboard, the RIAA, and the Latin Recording Academy (until 2024) uses to categorize an album as "Latin".[14][15][16]
^Below you can get an understanding as to when certifications for songs are added to the total certified sales of the listed artists.
One lead artist and one featured artist. (The issued certification(s) should be added to the total of both, the lead artist and the featured artist as both will have almost equal amount of part).
Two lead artists.(The issued certification(s) should be added to the total of both lead artists as both will have almost equal amount of part).
Two lead artists and one featured artist. (The issued certification(s) should be added to the total of both lead artists as well as the featured artist. Both lead artists will play a significant part in a song and the part of the featured artist also should be significant enough).
One lead artist and two featured artists. (The issued certification(s) should be added to the total of the lead artist and to the total of both featured artists as almost all should have equal amount of part).
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazbabbbcbdbebfbgbhbibjbkblbmCertification systems have been established periodically throughout the past half century; thus, certification databases are not able to cover all sales. Some (or all) records released and sold prior to a certification system's establishment year may not be found within the available searchable certification databases. Year of establishment (from largest market to smallest based on Retail Value each market generates respectively):[23][24]
Italy: 2009[37] (online certification-database covers certifications issued since 2009. Certifications; however, have existed in Italy since the 1980s)[50]
Portugal:[51](online certification-database covers certifications issued since 2004. Certifications; however, have existed in Portugal since the 1980s)[50]
Certified sales might sometimes be larger than actual sales, if stores order more albums than they are able to sell, due to certifications generally being determined by shipments and not actual sales. Often, however, actual sales are larger than certified sales, since record labels must pay a fee to obtain certifications. Record companies often apply for certifications only when a record reaches a multiple certification-levels, meaning certifications might not be visible in the databases for more than a short period of time after an album reached a certification level.[393][394]
As global music sales declined in the 2000s mostly due to CD burning and downloading from unauthorized sites, certification bodies opted to reduce their certification levels.[395] See the changes in Certification-award-levels in the following markets:
United States[396] (Note, U.S. certification-award-levels for singles before 1989 were: 1,000,000 for Gold and 2,000,000 for Platinum.[397] Also, U.S. certification-awards for Shortform albums before September 1996 were: 250,000 for Gold and 500,000 for Platinum[398])
Germany[401] (Note, German certification-award-levels for singles before 1988 were: 500,000 for Gold and 1,000,000 for Platinum.[402][403][404][405][50])
New Zealand: (NZ certification-levels for singles before 1989 were: 10,000 for Gold, 20,000 for Platinum)[437](NZ certification-levels for singles before June 2007 were: 5,000 for Gold, 10,000 for Platinum)[438] (The levels for singles were adjusted again on 17 June 2016 from previous 7,500 for Gold, 15,000 for Platinum, to 15,000 for Gold, 30,000 for Platinum)[439]
^Edwards, Bob (13 September 2000). "Profile: Latin Grammys at the Staples Center in Los Angeles". NPR. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 7 August 2015. Defining exactly what Latin music is a slippery business. The US record industry trade group says it's any release with lyrics that are mostly in Spanish and that it's more popular than ever, comprising more than 5 percent of US record sales.
^Valdes-Rodriguez, Alisa (26 December 1999). "The Loud and Quiet Explosions". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
^ abFlores, Juan; Rosaldo, Renato (2007). A Companion to Latina/o Studies. Oxford: Blackwell Pub. p. 50. ISBN978-0-470-65826-0. Retrieved 10 September 2015. ...but the term "Latin music" continues to be used - by the music industry as well as in common parlance - as a catch-all phrase to describe all Spanish and Portuguese-language popular music...
^"Membership Application"(PDF). Latingrammy.com. Latin Recording Academy. Archived(PDF) from the original on 10 September 2014. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
^ abcd"Sverige Toplistan: Sök". Sverige Toplistan (in Swedish). Retrieved 18 November 2013.Note: To retrieve the certifications, type in artist's name in the box of "Sök", and then click on "Visa" of the desired album/single/video
^"Six Times Platinum in Turkey"(PDF). Music & Media. 27 June 1998. p. 4. Archived(PDF) from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2020 – via American Radio History.
^Total certified units before AMPROFON database (1999): 10.75 million
Un Sol: Platinum + Gold (350,000) "Sucesso mexicano". Jornal do Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese): 3. 14 April 1983. Retrieved 18 October 2021. (...) His first LP, Un Sol, sold 700,000 copies in three months in Mexico and earned him a gold and platinum record. (...)
Directo al Corazón: 2× Platinum (500,000) Libro de Oro de Luis Miguel (in Spanish). VEA. 1985. p. 109.
Decídete: 2× Platinum (500,000) Libro de Oro de Luis Miguel (in Spanish). VEA. 1985. p. 110.
20 Años: 2× Platinum + 5× Gold (1,000,000) Silva, Guadalupe (21 February 1992). "Luis Miguel bring us his maturing sounds". El Paso Times. p. 51. Retrieved 6 January 2022. That will be in addition to five golds and two platinums he netted for his "20 years" recording.
Romance: 8× Platinum (2,000,000) "Dimes y Diretes". El Siglo de Torreón (in Spanish). Editora de la Laguna. 12 October 1992. p. 51. Archived from the original on 24 May 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
Aries: 4× Platinum (1,000,000) "Hit Parade". El Siglo de Torreón (in Spanish). Editora de la Laguna. 9 March 1994. p. 43. Archived from the original on 13 September 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
Segundo Romance: 5× Platinum (1,250,000) "Luis Miguel" (in Spanish). Durango.net. Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
El Concierto: 2× Platinum (500,000) "Casi 100 mil boletos y un mundo por presentar"(PDF). La Crónica (in Spanish). 3 December 1995. p. 2D. Archived from the original(PDF) on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2019. El álbum ha vendido hasta el momento cerca de 500 mil copias en México y 460 mil en el resto del mundo, y ha obtenido doble disco de platino y cuatro discos de oro por ventas en México.
Romances: 4× Platinum + 2× Gold (1,200,000) Hoces Sauvat, Angela (18 February 2000). "Sol, escandalo y placer". Reforma (in Spanish). p. 34. Archived from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022 – via ProQuest.
Romance: Diamond (250,000) "Luis Miguel en Chile". La Nación (in Spanish). 20 November 1999. Archived from the original on 27 October 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
Segundo Romance: Diamond (250,000) "Luis Miguel en Chile". La Nación (in Spanish). 20 November 1999. Archived from the original on 27 October 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
El Concierto: Diamond (250,000) "Luis Miguel en Chile". La Nación (in Spanish). 20 November 1999. Archived from the original on 27 October 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
Romances: 8× Platinum (200,000) Navarro, Juan Manuel (7 February 1998). "Multipremiado!". Reforma (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 August 2022 – via ProQuest.
Vivo: Platinum (25,000) "Disco de Platino para "Vivo" en menos de 24 horas". El Diario (in Spanish). 14 October 2000. Disco de Platino para "Vivo". El Nuevo álbum de Luis Miguel superó en menos de 24 horas las 25.000 mil copias vendidas tan sólo en Chile.
México En La Piel: Platinum (20,000) "Luis Miguel tendrá edición especial". El Siglo de Torreón (in Mexican Spanish). 11 August 2005. Archived from the original on 15 May 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
Cómplices: 2× Platinum (30,000) "Ubican a Luis Miguel como el más vendedor de discos en Chile". Notimex (in Spanish). 20 November 2008. Archived from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022 – via ProQuest. También ubicó su más reciente producción 'Cómplices' como el álbum más vendido de 2008 en este país. Hasta esta semana el intérprete lleva vendidas en Chile 25 mil unidades de 'Cómplices', por lo que recibirá un doble Disco de Platino por esa producción.
Romance: Platinum (60,000) "Dimes y Diretes". El Siglo de Torreón (in Spanish). Editora de la Laguna. 12 October 1992. p. 51. Archived from the original on 24 May 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
Aries: Platinum (60,000) "Luis Miguel Muy Amable Con la Prensa" [Luis Miguel is loved by the press]. El Siglo de Torreón (in Spanish). Editora de la Laguna. 9 June 1994. p. 50. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
Segundo Romance: 2× Platinum (120,000) "Luis Miguel" (in Spanish). Durango.net. Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
Romances: 2× Platinum (120,000) Fino, Dolores (17 July 1998). "Ritmo Latino". La Prensa San Diego. The Press-Enterprise. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
Mis Romances: Gold (20,000) "Luis Miguel Regresa El Rey"(PDF). Sexenio (in Spanish). Grupo Sexenio. p. 16. Archived from the original(PDF) on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
México En La Piel: Platinum (20,000) "Luis Miguel tendrá edición especial". El Siglo de Torreón (in Mexican Spanish). 11 August 2005. Archived from the original on 15 May 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
^Luis Miguel - Total certified units in Venezuela:
Romance: Platinum (100,000) "Dimes y Diretes". El Siglo de Torreón (in Spanish). Editora de la Laguna. 12 October 1992. p. 51. Archived from the original on 24 May 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
Segundo Romance: 2× Platinum (200,000) "Luis Miguel" (in Spanish). Durango.net. Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
El Concierto: 2× Platinum (200,000) "Luis Miguel" (in Spanish). Durango.net. Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
Romances: 6× Platinum (120,000) Fino, Dolores (17 July 1998). "Ritmo Latino". La Prensa San Diego. The Press-Enterprise. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
Mis Romances: Platinum (20,000) "Luis Miguel Regresa El Rey"(PDF). Sexenio (in Spanish). Grupo Sexenio. p. 16. Archived from the original(PDF) on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
México En La Piel: 2× Platinum (40,000) "Luis Miguel Regresa El Rey"(PDF). Sexenio (in Spanish). Grupo Sexenio. p. 16. Archived from the original(PDF) on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
Cómplices: Platinum (10,000) "Luis Miguel saca su nuevo sencillo Te Desean". UPI LatAm News Service (in Spanish). 9 July 2008. Archived from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022 – via ProQuest.
Vicente Fernández y Sus Canciones: Gold (100,000)"Dos papas cantantes". El Siglo de Torreon (in Spanish). 16 June 1996. p. 55. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
^De Juana, Jose Maria (1996). "ROCIO DURCAL: Su Yerno". Cambio 16 (in Spanish). p. 106. Retrieved 17 June 2020. Desde que canto rancheras he vendido nada menos que 30 millones de discos
^Total certified units before AMPROFON database (1999): 100,000
A Voluntad del Cielo: Gold (100,000)"Camilo Sesto inicia gira artística". El Siglo de Torreon (in Spanish). 10 March 1992. p. 41. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
^Total certified units before AMPROFON database (1999): 850,000
Grandes Éxitos a la Manera de Alejandro Fernández: Gold (100,000)Calzada, Gloria (1 October 1994). "Comentarios de...". El Informador (in Spanish). p. 12-E.
Que Seas Muy Feliz: Diamond (1,00,000)Garay, Adriana (4 June 1997). "Nada de 'charro sexy'". Reforma (in Spanish). p. 7. ProQuest311441132. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
Me Estoy Enamorando: 3× Platinum (750,000)Alvarez, Ethel (7 March 2000). "El Potrillo desea ser querido". Mural (in Spanish). ProQuest374267456. Retrieved 17 June 2024. Ademas, tan solo del album Me Estoy Enamorando, 'El Potrillo' obtuvo Disco de Platino en Argentina y Chile, Doble Disco de Platino en Colombia y Ecuador, cuatro Discos de Platino en Venezuela, ocho mas en Centro America y Estados Unidos, tres en Mexico y Disco de Oro en Espana.
^Total certified units before AMPROFON database (1999): 250,000
Te Quiero/Creo Que Voy a Llorar: Diamond (1 million)"Diamantes a Los Temerarios por 'Creo que voy a llorar'". El Informador (in Spanish). 17 March 1991. p. 13-E.
^Total certified units before AMPROFON database (1999): 200,000
En Vivo: Gold (100,000)"Ana Gabriel formaá dueto con Vikki Carr". El Informador (in Spanish). 29 November 1990. p. 14-E.
Joyas de Dos Siglos: Gold (100,000)"Promociona Ana Gabriel su LP". El Siglo de Torreon (in Spanish). 25 November 1995. p. 31. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
^"Maluma, l'intervista esclusiva a Radio DEEJAY: "Amo l'Italia. Le donne sono così hot"" (in Italian). Radio DeeJay. 2 December 2020. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021. Per i fan della musica latina Maluma non ha bisogno di presentazioni: con 18 milioni di copie vendute tra singoli e album e streaming da record su Spotify, è riconosciuto in tutto il mondo come uno degli artisti di maggior successo ed influenza della musica latinoamericana urban.
^Sullivan, Steve (2013). "Bamboleo (1988)—Gipsy Kings". Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings, Volumen 1. Scarecrow Press. p. 144. ISBN978-0810882966. Retrieved 20 June 2020. Gipsy Kings have sold close to 15 million records worldwide since their debut, recorded in 1987.
^Total certified units before AMPROFON database (1999): 580,000
Gitana: Gold (100,000)"Estrellas del Show". El Siglo de Torreon (in Spanish). 18 May 1988. p. 58. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
Quiero Amanecer con Alguien: Platinum (250,000)"Estrellas del Show". El Siglo de Torreon (in Spanish). 7 April 1990. p. 47. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
Amada Más Que Nunca: Platinum (250,000)"Daniela Romo cantará a los enamorados". El Informador (in Spanish). 12 February 1992. p. 14-E.
De Mil Colores: Gold (100,000)"Reflectores". El Siglo de Torreon (in Spanish). 13 September 1993. p. 43. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
^Total certified units before AMPROFON database (1999): 250,000
14 Tucanazos Bien Pesasdos: 4× Gold (400,000)"'Los Tucanes' reciben reconocimientos". El Siglo de Torreon (in Spanish). 7 December 1996. p. 36. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
Mundo de Amor Platinum (250,000)"'Los Tucanes' reciben reconocimientos". El Siglo de Torreon (in Spanish). 7 December 1996. p. 36. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
^Total certified units before AMPROFON database (1999): 3.2 million
Sergio El Bailador : 3× Gold (300,000)de Leon, Angelica (1 February 1997). "Adios, Bronco!". Reforma (in Spanish). ProQuest311368977. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
Lo Mejor de Bronco: 2× Gold (200,000)de Leon, Angelica (1 February 1997). "Adios, Bronco!". Reforma (in Spanish). ProQuest311368977. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
Amigo Bronco: 5× Platinum (1,250,000)"Bronco goza de un lugar privilegiado". El Siglo de Torreon (in Spanish). 17 August 1992. p. 51. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
A Todo Galope: 4× Platinum (1,250,000)"Bronco goza de un lugar privilegiado". El Siglo de Torreon (in Spanish). 17 August 1992. p. 51. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
Bajo el Signo de Caín: 3× Gold (300,000)"Dimes y Directes". El Siglo de Torreon (in Spanish). 11 July 1994. p. 52.
11 Maneras de Ponerse un Sombrero: Gold (100,000)"Disco de Oro para Miguel Bosé". El Siglo de Torreon (in Spanish). 14 June 1998. p. 70. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
^Total certified units before AMPROFON database (1999): 600,000
Ricardo Montaner/Tan Enamorados: Gold (100,000)"Mundo del espectáculo Hispanioamericano". El Siglo de Torreon (in Spanish). 20 July 1988. p. 54. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
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Medical doctor working in primary care setting as a generalist In the medical profession, a general practitioner (GP) or family physician is a physician who treats acute and chronic illnesses and provides preventive care and health education to patients of all ages. GPs' duties are not confined to specific fields of medicine, and they have particular skills in treating people with multiple health issues. They are trained to treat patients to levels of complexity that vary between countries. The …
1979 film directed by James Frawley This article is about the original 1979 film. For its soundtrack, see The Muppet Movie (soundtrack). For the 2011 film, see The Muppets (film). The Muppet MovieTheatrical release poster by Drew StruzanDirected byJames FrawleyWritten by Jerry Juhl Jack Burns Produced byJim HensonStarring Jim Henson Frank Oz Jerry Nelson Richard Hunt Dave Goelz Charles Durning Austin Pendleton CinematographyIsidore MankofskyEdited byChristopher GreenburyMusic by Paul Williams Ke…
Знаки поштової оплати України 2013 — перелік поштових марок, введених в обіг Укрпоштою у 2013 році[1][2][3]. З 11 січня по 25 грудня 2013 року була випущена 81 поштова марка, у тому числі 78 комеморативних (пам'ятних) поштових марок та 3 стандартні поштові марки незалежної …
Para el político panameño, véase Juan Carlos Navarro (político). Juan Carlos Navarro Medallista olímpico Navarro con el Barcelona en 2013.Datos personalesNombre completo Juan Carlos Navarro FeijooApodo(s) La Bomba, Instant GritsNacimiento San Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, España España13 de junio de 1980 (43 años)Nacionalidad(es) EspañolaAltura 1,93 m (6′ 4″)Peso 82 kg (180 lb)Carrera deportivaDeporte BaloncestoClub profesionalDraft de la NBA 2.ª ronda (pu…
Fognam Chalk QuarrySite of Special Scientific InterestView towards Fognam Chalk QuarryLocation within BerkshireLocationBerkshireGrid referenceSU 297 799[1]Coordinates51°31′01″N 1°34′30″W / 51.517°N 1.575°W / 51.517; -1.575InterestGeologicalArea3.0 hectares (7.4 acres)[1]Notification1985[1]Location mapMagic Map Fognam Chalk Quarry is a 3-hectare (7.4-acre) geological Site of Special Scientific Interest west of Upper Lambourn in Berkshire…
Austrian footballer Walter SchlegerPersonal informationFull name Walter SchlegerDate of birth (1929-09-19)19 September 1929Place of birth Prague, CzechoslovakiaDate of death 3 December 1999(1999-12-03) (aged 70)Position(s) StrikerYouth career AC Sparta PragueSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1949–1951 Wiener Sportclub 1951–1964 Austria Wien 334 (107)International career1951–1962 Austria 22 (1) Medal record Representing Austria FIFA World Cup 1954 Switzerland *Club domestic leag…
Artikel ini menggunakan bahan sumber yang berasal dari blog atau situs pribadi yang dapat tidak sesuai dengan kebijakan pemastian dan sumber tepercaya Wikipedia. Silakan bantu perbaiki dengan mengganti sumber-sumber tersebut dengan mengutip ke sumber yang independen, netral, dan pihak ketiga. (Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus pesan templat ini) Sangha Agung IndonesiaTanggal pendirian1959Kantor pusatJakarta, IndonesiaMaha NayakaNyanasuryanadi MahatheraKetua UmumKhemacaro MahatheraS…