Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

List of cervids

Five cervid species (clockwise from top left): the red deer (Cervus elaphus), sika deer (Cervus nippon), barasingha (Rucervus duvaucelii), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)

Cervidae is a family of hoofed ruminant mammals in the order Artiodactyla. A member of this family is called a deer or a cervid. They are widespread throughout North and South America, Europe, and Asia, and are found in a wide variety of biomes. Cervids range in size from the 60 cm (24 in) long and 32 cm (13 in) tall pudú to the 3.4 m (11.2 ft) long and 3.4 m (11.2 ft) tall moose. Most species do not have population estimates, though the roe deer has a population size of approximately 15 million, while several are considered endangered or critically endangered with populations as low as 200. One species, Père David's deer, is extinct in the wild, and one, Schomburgk's deer, went extinct in 1938.

The fifty-five species of Cervidae are split into nineteen genera within two subfamilies: Capreolinae (New World deer) and Cervinae (Old World deer). Extinct species have also been placed into Capreolinae and Cervinae. More than one hundred extinct Cervidae species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.[1]

Conventions

IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX Extinct (1 species)
 EW Extinct in the wild (1 species)
 CR Critically Endangered (2 species)
 EN Endangered (6 species)
 VU Vulnerable (16 species)
 NT Near threatened (4 species)
 LC Least concern (16 species)
Other categories
 DD Data deficient (9 species)
 NE Not evaluated (0 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the cervid's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct species or subspecies listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "†".

Classification

The family Cervidae consists of 55 extant species belonging to 19 genera in 2 subfamilies and divided into dozens of extant subspecies. This does not include hybrid species or extinct prehistoric species. Additionally, one species, Schomburgk's deer, went extinct in 1938.[2] The classification is based on the molecular phylogeny.[3][4][5]

Cervidae  

Cervids

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis.[3][4][5] This includes merging the two moose species of Alces into one, splitting out the monotypic Panolia genus from Rucervus, combining the monotypic subfamily Hydropotinae with Capreolinae. There are several additional proposals which are disputed, such as addition of the fair brocket to the Mazama genus, which are not included here.[6][7]

Subfamily Capreolinae

Main article: Capreolinae

Tribe Alceini

Main article: Alceini
Genus Alces – Gray, 1821 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Moose

Large dark brown cervid

A. alces
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Nine subspecies
  • A. a. alces (European elk)
  • A. a. americanus (Eastern moose)
  • A. a. andersoni (Western moose)
  • A. a. buturlini (Chukotka elk)
  • A. a. caucasicus (Caucasian moose)†
  • A. a. cameloides (Ussuri elk)
  • A. a. gigas (Alaskan moose)
  • A. a. pfizenmayeri (Yakutia elk)
  • A. a. shirasi (Shiras' moose)
North America, Europe, and Asia
Map of range 		Size: 230–340 cm (91–134 in) long, plus 8–12 cm (3–5 in) tail; up to 230 cm (91 in) tall at shoulder[8]

Habitat: Forest and inland wetlands[9]

Diet: Vegetative parts of trees, as well as shrubs, herbs, and aquatic plants[9] 		 LC 


2,000,000[9][10] Population increasing[9]

Tribe Capreolini

Main article: Capreolini
Genus Capreolus – Gray, 1821 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Roe deer

Two brown cervids

C. capreolus
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Four subspecies
  • C. c. canus
  • C. c. capreolus
  • C. c. caucasicus
  • C. c. italicus
Europe
Map of range 		Size: 104–124 cm (41–49 in) long, plus 2–3 cm (1–1 in) tail; 66–84 cm (26–33 in) tall at shoulder[11]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[12]

Diet: Wide variety of plants[12][11] 		 LC 


15,000,000 Population increasing[12]

Siberian roe deer

Reddish-brown cervid

C. pygargus
(Pallas, 1771)

Four subspecies
  • C. p. bedfordi
  • C. p. mantschuricus
  • C. p. ochraceus
  • C. p. pygargus
Central and northeastern Asia Size: 95–140 cm (37–55 in) long, plus 20–40 cm (8–16 in) tail; 65–95 cm (26–37 in) tall at shoulder[13]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[14]

Diet: Grasses[14] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[14]

Genus Hydropotes – R. Swinhoe, 1870 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Water deer

Brown cervid

H. inermis
Swinhoe, 1870

Two subspecies
  • H. i. argyropus (Korean water deer)
  • H. i. inermis (Chinese water deer)
East China and Korean peninsula Size: 89–103 cm (35–41 in) long, plus 6–7 cm (2–3 in) tail; 45–57 cm (18–22 in) tall at shoulder[15]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, and intertidal marine[16]

Diet: Reeds, coarse grasses, vegetables, and beets[16][17] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[16]

Tribe Odocoileini

Main article: Odocoileini
Genus Blastocerus – Wagner, 1844 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Marsh deer

Brown cervid

B. dichotomus
(Illiger, 1815) 		Scattered parts of central South America (former range in red)
Map of range 		Size: 153–191 cm (60–75 in) long, plus 12–16 cm (5–6 in) tail; 110–127 cm (43–50 in) tall at shoulder[18]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and inland wetlands[19]

Diet: Grasses, reeds and aquatic plants, as well as shrubs and vines[19] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[19]

Genus Hippocamelus – Leuckart, 1816 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
South Andean deer

Brown cervid

H. bisulcus
(Molina, 1782) 		Southern Andes mountains
Map of range 		Size: 144–156 cm (57–61 in) long, plus 12–13 cm (5–5 in) tail; 80–90 cm (31–35 in) tall at shoulder[20]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, rocky areas, and desert[21]

Diet: Varied range of grasses and other plants[21] 		 EN 


1,000–1,500 Population declining[21]

Taruca

Brown cervid

H. antisensis
(d'Orbigny, 1834) 		Andes mountains
Map of range 		Size: 69–77 cm (27–30 in) tall at shoulder[22]

Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and other[23]

Diet: Sedges and grasses[22][23] 		 VU 


4,200–5,700 Population declining[23]

Genus Mazama – Rafinesque, 1817 – nine species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Amazonian brown brocket

Drawing of brown cervid

M. nemorivaga
(F. Cuvier, 1817) 		Northern and central South America
Map of range 		Size: 75–100 cm (30–39 in) long, plus 6–11 cm (2–4 in) tail; 50 cm (20 in) tall at shoulder[24]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[25]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves and shoots[24] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[25]

Central American red brocket

Brown cervid

M. temama
(Kerr, 1792)

Three subspecies
  • M. t. cerasina
  • M. t. reperticia
  • M. t. temama
Central America
Map of range 		Size: 80–110 cm (31–43 in) long, plus 10–14 cm (4–6 in) tail; 60–70 cm (24–28 in) tall at shoulder[24]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[26]

Diet: Fruit, as well as seeds, grass, shoots, vines, and sometimes crops such as beans[24] 		 DD 


Unknown Population declining[26]

Dwarf brocket


M. chunyi
Hershkovitz, 1959 		Central Andes mountains
Map of range 		Size: About 70 cm (28 in) long; about 38 cm (15 in) tall at shoulder[27]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[28]

Diet: Fruit and shrubs[28] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[28]

Gray brocket

Brown cervid

M. gouazoubira
(Fischer von Waldheim, 1814)

Eleven subspecies
  • M. g. cita
  • M. g. gouazoubira
  • M. g. medemi
  • M. g. mexianae
  • M. g. murelia
  • M. g. nemorivaga
  • M. g. permira
  • M. g. sanctaemartae
  • M. g. rondoni
  • M. g. superciliaris
  • M. g. tschudii
Eastern South America
Map of range 		Size: 85–105 cm (33–41 in) long[24]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and inland wetlands[29]

Diet: Wide variety of plants as well as fruit[29] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[29]

Little red brocket

Brown cervid

M. rufina
(Bourcier, Pucheran, 1852) 		Northern Andes mountains
Map of range 		Size: About 78 cm (31 in) long, plus 8 cm (3 in) tail; about 45 cm (18 in) tall at shoulder[30]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[31]

Diet: Herbs as well as other plants[31] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[31]

Mérida brocket


M. bricenii
Thomas, 1908 		Northern Andes mountains
Map of range 		Size: 80–95 cm (31–37 in) long, plus 8–9 cm (3–4 in) tail; 45–50 cm (18–20 in) tall at shoulder[24]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[32]

Diet: Fruit and shrubs[32] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[32]

Pygmy brocket

Brown cervid

M. nana
(Hensel, 1872) 		Southeastern South America (possible range in yellow)
Map of range 		Size: About 78 cm (31 in) long, plus 8 cm (3 in) tail; less than 50 cm (20 in) tall at shoulder[30]

Habitat: Forest[33]

Diet: Unknown[24][33] 		 VU 


Unknown Unknown[33]

Red brocket

Reddish-brown cervid

M. americana
(Erxleben, 1777)

Twelve subspecies
  • M. a. americana
  • M. a. carrikeri
  • M. a. gualea
  • M. a. jucunda
  • M. a. rosii
  • M. a. rufa
  • M. a. sarae
  • M. a. sheila
  • M. a. trinitatis
  • M. a. whitelyi
  • M. a. zamora
  • M. a. zetta
Northern and central South America
Map of range 		Size: 103–146 cm (41–57 in) long, plus 8–15 cm (3–6 in) tail; 65–80 cm (26–31 in) tall at shoulder[34]

Habitat: Forest[35]

Diet: Fruit and shrubs[35] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[35]

Small red brocket

M. bororo
Duarte, 1996 		Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil (possible range in yellow)
Map of range 		Size: 85 cm (33 in) long, plus 11–14 cm (4–6 in) tail; 50–60 cm (20–24 in) tall at shoulder[24]

Habitat: Forest[36]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, and sprouts[24] 		 VU 


8,500 Population declining[36]

Genus Odocoileus – Rafinesque, 1832 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Mule deer

Two brown cervids

O. hemionus
(Rafinesque, 1817)

Ten subspecies
  • O. h. californicus (California mule deer)
  • O. h. cerrosensis (Cedros Island mule deer)
  • O. h. columbianus (Black-tailed deer)
  • O. h. eremicus (desert mule deer)
  • O. h. fuliginatus (southern mule deer)
  • O. h. hemionus (Rocky Mountain mule deer)
  • O. h. inyoensis (Inyo mule deer)
  • O. h. peninsulae (peninsular mule deer)
  • O. h. sheldoni (Tiburon Island mule deer)
  • O. h. sitkensis (Sitka deer)
Western North America
Map of range 		Size: 152–203 cm (60–80 in) long; 80–106 cm (31–42 in) tall at shoulder[37]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, desert, and intertidal marine[38]

Diet: Leaves, twigs, acorns, legume seeds, and fleshy fruits[37][38] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[38]

Yucatan brown brocket

Gray cervid

O. pandora
(Merriam, 1901) 		Yucatán Peninsula
Map of range 		Size: About 105 cm (41 in) long, plus 8 cm (3 in) tail[39]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[40]

Diet: Fruit, as well as other plants[24] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[40]

White-tailed deer

Brown cervid

O. virginianus
(Rafinesque, 1832)

38 subspecies
  • O. v. acapulcensis
  • O. v. borealis (northern white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. cariacou
  • O. v. carminis (Carmen Mountains white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. chiriquensis
  • O. v. clavium (Key deer)
  • O. v. couesi (Coues' white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. curassavicus
  • O. v. dacotensis (Dakota white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. goudotii
  • O. v. gymnotis (South American white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. hiltonensis (Hilton Head white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. leucurus (Columbian white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. macrourus (Kansas white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. margaritae
  • O. v. mcilhennyi (Avery Island white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. mexicanus
  • O. v. miquihuanensis
  • O. v. nelsoni
  • O. v. nemoralis (Nicaraguan white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. nigribarbis (Blackbeard Island white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. oaxacensis
  • O. v. ochrourus (northwestern white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. osceola (Florida coastal white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. peruvianus (South American white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. rothschildi
  • O. v. seminolus (Florida white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. sinaloae
  • O. v. taurinsulae (Bulls Island white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. texanus (Texas white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. thomasi
  • O. v. toltecus
  • O. v. tropicalis
  • O. v. ustus
  • O. v. venatorius (Hunting Island white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. veraecrucis
  • O. v. virginianus (Virginia white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. yucatanensis
North America and northern South America
Map of range 		Size: 150–200 cm (59–79 in) long, plus 10–28 cm (4–11 in) tail[41]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, desert, neritic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[42]

Diet: Wide variety of vegetation and grasses[42] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[42]

Genus Ozotoceros – Ameghino, 1891 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Pampas deer

Brown cervid

O. bezoarticus
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Five subspecies
  • O. b. arerunguaensis
  • O. b. bezoarticus
  • O. b. celer
  • O. b. leucogaster
  • O. b. uruguayensis
Scattered central South America
Map of range 		Size: 110–140 cm (43–55 in) long; 70–75 cm (28–30 in) tall at shoulder[43]

Habitat: Savanna, grassland, and inland wetlands[44]

Diet: Grasses and shrubs[43][44] 		 NT 


20,000–80,000 Population declining[44]

Genus Pudu – Gray, 1852 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Northern pudú


P. mephistophiles
(Winton, 1896) 		Northern Andes mountains
Map of range 		Size: 60–85 cm (24–33 in) long plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail; 32–35 cm (13–14 in) tall at shoulder[45][46]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[47]

Diet: Leaves of ferns, trees, vines, herbs and shrubs[47][48] 		 DD 


Unknown Population declining[47]

Southern pudú

Small brown cervid

P. puda
(Molina, 1782) 		Southern Andes mountains
Map of range 		Size: 60–85 cm (24–33 in) long plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail; 35–45 cm (14–18 in) tall at shoulder[45][46]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[49]

Diet: Leaves of ferns, trees, vines, herbs and shrubs[48][49] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[49]

Genus Rangifer – H. Smith, 1827 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Reindeer

Grayish-brown cervid

R. tarandus
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Fourteen subspecies
 Arctic North America, Europe, and Asia
Map of range 		Size: 150–230 cm (59–91 in) long; up to 120 cm (47 in) tall at shoulder[50]

Habitat: Forest and grassland[51]

Diet: Lichen, forbs, sedges, grasses, and shrubs[51] 		 VU 


2,890,000 Population declining[51]

Subfamily Cervinae

Main article: Cervinae

Tribe Muntiacini

Main article: Muntiacini
Genus Elaphodus – H. Milne-Edwards, 1872 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Tufted deer

Brown cervid

E. cephalophus
H. Milne-Edwards, 1872

Four subspecies
  • E. c. cephalophus
  • E. c. fociensis
  • E. c. ichangensis
  • E. c. michianus
Central China and northeastern Myanmar Size: 110–160 cm (43–63 in) long, plus 7–16 cm (3–6 in) tail; 50–70 cm (20–28 in) tall at shoulder[52]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[53]

Diet: Grass, as well as shrubs, fruits, bamboo, and herbs[53] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[53]

Genus Muntiacus – Rafinesque, 1815 – twelve species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Bornean yellow muntjac


M. atherodes
Groves, Grubb, 1982 		Borneo Size: 90–100 cm (35–39 in) long, plus 14–20 cm (6–8 in) tail; 65 cm (26 in) tall at shoulder[54][55]

Habitat: Forest[56]

Diet: Herbs, seeds, grass, buds, leaves, and fruit[54] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[56]

Fea's muntjac

Drawing of a brown cervid

M. feae
(Thomas, Doria, 1889) 		Southern Myanmar and Thailand
Map of range 		Size: 90–100 cm (35–39 in) long, plus 10–17 cm (4–7 in) tail; 50–60 cm (20–24 in) tall at shoulder[54]

Habitat: Forest[57]

Diet: Fruit and leaves, as well as grass and shoots[54] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[57]

Giant muntjac


M. vuquangensis
(Tuoc, Dung, Dawson, Arctander, & Mackinnon, 1994) 		Northern Vietnam and Laos
Map of range 		Size: 110–115 cm (43–45 in) long, plus 17 cm (7 in) tail; 65–70 cm (26–28 in) tall at shoulder[54]

Habitat: Forest[58]

Diet: Fruit and leaves[54] 		 CR 


Unknown Population declining[58]

Gongshan muntjac


M. gongshanensis
Ma, 1990 		South-central China
Map of range 		Size: 95–105 cm (37–41 in) long, plus 9–16 cm (4–6 in) tail; 55–57 cm (22–22 in) tall at shoulder[59]

Habitat: Forest[60]

Diet: Unknown[54][60] 		 DD 


Unknown Population declining[60]

Hairy-fronted muntjac

Brown cervid with a white rump

M. crinifrons
(P. L. Sclater, 1885) 		Southeastern China Size: 98–113 cm (39–44 in) long, plus 21 cm (8 in) tail[61]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[62]

Diet: Wide variety of tree leaves and twigs, forbs, grass, and fruit[62] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[62]

Leaf muntjac


M. putaoensis
Amato, Egan & Rabinowitz, 1999 		Myanmar Size: 77–83 cm (30–33 in) long, plus 8–12 cm (3–5 in) tail; 50 cm (20 in) tall at shoulder[63]

Habitat: Forest[64]

Diet: Fruit and a range of plant materials[64] 		 DD 


Unknown Population declining[64]

Northern red muntjac

Brown cervid

M. vaginalis
(Boddaert, 1785) 		Southern and Southeast Asia Size: 89–135 cm (35–53 in) long, plus 13–23 cm (5–9 in) tail; 40–65 cm (16–26 in) tall at shoulder[65]

Habitat: Forest[66]

Diet: Fruit, buds, tender leaves, flowers, herbs, and young grass[66] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[66]

Pu Hoat muntjac


M. puhoatensis
Trai, 1997 		Vietnam Size: Small and similar to the Truong Son muntjac, but specific measurements not available[54]

Habitat: Forest[67]

Diet: Unknown[54][67] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[67]

Reeves's muntjac

Brown cervid

M. reevesi
(Ogilby, 1839)

Three subspecies
  • M. r. jiangkouensis
  • M. r. micrurus
  • M. r. reevesi
Eastern China; introduced to Britain and Japan Size: 70–113 cm (28–44 in) long, plus 10 cm (4 in) tail; 43–45 cm (17–18 in) tall at shoulder[68]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[69]

Diet: Bamboo, seeds, bark, fruit and foliage, as well as eggs, carrion, small mammals, and ground-nesting birds[68][69] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[69]

Roosevelt's muntjac


M. rooseveltorum
Osgood, 1932
Map of range 		Size: Small with shoulder height estimated at about 40 cm (16 in), but specific measurements not available[54]

Habitat: Forest[70]

Diet: Leaves and fruit[54] 		 DD 


Unknown Population declining[70]

Southern red muntjac

Brown cervid

M. muntjak
(Zimmermann, 1780) 		Southeast Asia Size: 89–135 cm (35–53 in) long, plus 13–23 cm (5–9 in) tail; 40–65 cm (16–26 in) tall at shoulder[65]

Habitat: Forest[71]

Diet: Fruit, buds, tender leaves, flowers, herbs, and young grass[71] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[71]

Truong Son muntjac


M. truongsonensis
(Giao, Tuoc, Dung, Wikramanayake, Amato, Arctander, & Mackinnon, 1997) 		Southern Vietnam Size: Small with shoulder height estimated at about 40 cm (16 in), but specific measurements not available[54]

Habitat: Forest[72]

Diet: Leaves and fruit[54] 		 DD 


Unknown Population declining[72]

Tribe Cervini

Main article: Cervini
Genus Axis – H. Smith, 1827 – four species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Chital

Brown cervid with white spots

A. axis
(Erxleben, 1777) 		Indian subcontinent
Map of range 		Size: 70 cm (28 in) long plus 20 cm (8 in) tail; 35–38 cm (14–15 in) tall at shoulder[73][74]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, and grassland[75]

Diet: Wide variety of grasses as well as fallen leaves, flowers, and fruit[75] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[75]

Calamian deer

Brown cervid

A. calamianensis
(Heude, 1888) 		Calamian Islands of the Philippines Size: 100–175 cm (39–69 in) long, plus 12–38 cm (5–15 in) tail; 60–100 cm (24–39 in) tall at shoulder[76]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, and grassland[77]

Diet: Leaves[77] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[77]

Bawean deer

Brown cervid

A. kuhlii
(Temminck, 1836) 		Bawean island of Indonesia
Map of range 		Size: 100–175 cm (39–69 in) long[78]

Habitat: Forest and grassland[79]

Diet: Herbs and grasses, as well as young leaves and twigs[79] 		 CR 


200–500 Population steady[79]

Indian hog deer

Brown cervid

A. porcinus
(Zimmermann, 1780) 		Southern and southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size: 105–115 cm (41–45 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail; 60–72 cm (24–28 in) tall at shoulder[80]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[81]

Diet: Young grasses, as well as herbs, flowers, fruit, and shrubs[81] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[81]

Genus Cervus – Linnaeus, 1758 – five species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Thorold's deer

Two brown cervids

C. albirostris
Przhevalsky, 1883 		Central China Size: 155–210 cm (61–83 in) long, plus 10–13 cm (4–5 in) tail; 115–140 cm (45–55 in) tall at shoulder[82]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[83]

Diet: Grass, herbs, lichens, leaves, and bark of trees and bushes[83] 		 VU 


Unknown Unknown[83]

Elk

Brown cervid

C. canadensis
Erxleben, 1777

Thirteen subspecies
 North America and Asia (former range in light green)
Map of range 		Size: 210–280 cm (83–110 in) long plus 10–22 cm (4–9 in) tail; 120–175 cm (47–69 in) tall at shoulder[84][85]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[86]

Diet: Shrub and tree shoots, as well as grasses, sedges, and shrubs[86] 		 LC 


Unknown Population increasing[86]

Red deer

Brown cervid

C. elaphus
Linnaeus, 1758

Nine subspecies
 Europe and western Asia (former range in light green)
Map of range 		Size: 160–270 cm (63–106 in) long; 75–150 cm (30–59 in) tall at shoulder[87]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[88]

Diet: Shrub and tree shoots, as well as grasses, sedges, shrubs, fruit, and seeds[88] 		 LC 


Unknown Population increasing[88]

Central Asian red deer

{{{image-alt}}}

C. hanglu
Wagner, 1844

Three subspecies
 Central Asia Size:

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[89]

Diet: Branches of young deciduous trees[89] 		 LC 


2,000-2,500+ Population increasing[89]

Sika deer

Brown cervid with white spots

C. nippon
Temminck, 1838

Sixteen subspecies
 East Asia Size: 95–180 cm (37–71 in) long plus 7–13 cm (3–5 in) tail; 64–109 cm (25–43 in) tall at shoulder[90]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[91]

Diet: Grass, as well as shrubs and fruit[91] 		 LC 


Unknown Population increasing[91]

Genus Dama – Frisch, 1775 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
European fallow deer

Brown cervid with white spots

D. dama
(Linnaeus, 1758) 		Europe and west Asia; introduced scattered areas worldwide (in teal)
Map of range 		Size: 130–175 cm (51–69 in) long, plus 15–23 cm (6–9 in) tail; 90–100 cm (35–39 in) tall at shoulder[92]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[93]

Diet: Grasses, mast, and shrubs, as well as leaves, buds, shoots, and bark[92][93] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[93]

Persian fallow deer

{{{image-alt}}}

D. mesopotamica
(Brooke, 1875) 		Iran and Israel Size: 130–175 cm (51–69 in) long, plus 15–23 cm (6–9 in) tail; 90–100 cm (35–39 in) tall at shoulder[92]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland[94]

Diet: Grasses, mast, and shrubs, as well as leaves, buds, shoots, and bark[94] 		 EN 


Unknown Population increasing[94]

Genus Elaphurus – H. Milne-Edwards, 1872 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Père David's deer

Three brown cervids

E. davidianus
Milne-Edwards, 1866 		China Size: 183–216 cm (72–85 in) long, plus 22–36 cm (9–14 in) tail[95]

Habitat: Grassland, inland wetlands, and intertidal marine[96]

Diet: Grass, reeds, and bush leaves[96] 		 EW 


Unknown Unknown[96]

Genus Panolia – McClelland, 1842 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Eld's deer

Brown cervid

P. eldii
(McClelland, 1842)

Three subspecies
  • P. e. eldii (Sangai)
  • P. e. siamensis (Burmese brow-antlered deer)
  • P. e. thamin (Thai brow-antlered deer)
Scattered parts of southeast Asia Size: 140–170 cm (55–67 in) long, plus 22–25 cm (9–10 in) tail; 90–130 cm (35–51 in) tall at shoulder[97]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[98]

Diet: A variety of grasses, fruit, and herbaceous and wetland plants[99][98] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[98]

Genus Rucervus – Hodgson, 1838 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Barasingha

Brown cervid

R. duvaucelii
(Cuvier, 1823)

Three subspecies
  • R. d. branderi (Southern swamp deer)
  • R. d. duvaucelii (Western swamp deer)
  • R. d. ranjitsinhi (Eastern swamp deer)
Scattered parts of south Asia (historical range in yellow)
Map of range 		Size: About 180 cm (71 in) long; 119–124 cm (47–49 in) tall at shoulder[100]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, grassland, and inland wetlands[101]

Diet: Grass and aquatic plants[101] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[101]

Schomburgk's deer†

Black-and-white photo of a cervid

R. schomburgki
Blyth, 1863 		Central Thailand Size: Unknown

Habitat: Grassland and inland wetlands[102]

Diet: Unknown[102] 		 EX 


0 Population steady[102]

Genus Rusa – H. Smith, 1827 – four species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Visayan spotted deer

White-spotted brown cervid

R. alfredi
(P. L. Sclater, 1870) 		Philippines Size: 120–130 cm (47–51 in) long, plus 8–13 cm (3–5 in) tail; 60–80 cm (24–31 in) tall at shoulder[103]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[104]

Diet: Cogon grass and young leaves and buds[104] 		 EN 


700 Population declining[104]

Philippine deer

Brown cervid

R. marianna
(Desmarest, 1822)

Four subspecies
  • R. m. barandana
  • R. m. marianna
  • R. m. nigella
  • R. m. nigricans
Philippines Size: 100–151 cm (39–59 in) long; 55–70 cm (22–28 in) tall at shoulder[105]

Habitat: Forest and grassland[106]

Diet: Grass[106] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[106]

Javan rusa

Two brown cervids

R. timorensis
(Blainville, 1822)

Seven subspecies
  • R. t. djonga
  • R. t. floresiensis (Flores rusa deer)
  • R. t. macassaricus (Celebes rusa deer)
  • R. t. moluccensis (Moluccan rusa deer)
  • R. t. renschi
  • R. t. russa (Javan rusa deer)
  • R. t. timorensis (Timor rusa deer)
Indonesia and East Timor
Map of range 		Size: 142–185 cm (56–73 in) long, plus 10–30 cm (4–12 in) tail; 80–110 cm (31–43 in) tall at shoulder[107]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, and grassland[108]

Diet: Grass, herbs, the leaves and bark of shrubs, and seaweed[108] 		 VU 


10,000 Population declining[108]

Sambar deer

Brown cervid

R. unicolor
(Kerr, 1792)

Seven subspecies
  • R. u. brookei (Bornean sambar)
  • R. u. cambojensis (Mainland Southeast Asian sambar)
  • R. u. dejeani (South China sambar)
  • R. u. equina (Malayan sambar)
  • R. u. hainana (Hainan sambar)
  • R. u. swinhoii (Formosan sambar)
  • R. u. unicolor (Sri Lankan sambar)
South and Southeast Asia including Southern China
Map of range 		Size: 160–270 cm (63–106 in) long, plus 25–30 cm (10–12 in) tail; 102–160 cm (40–63 in) tall at shoulder[109]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[110]

Diet: Wide variety of plants[110] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[110]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Fossilworks: Cervidae". Paleobiology Database. University of Wisconsin–Madison. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
  2. ^ Ellis, pp. 311–312
  3. ^ a b Pitra, C.; Fickel, J.; Meijaard, E.; Grooves, C. (2004). "Evolution and phylogeny of old world deer". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 33 (3): 880–895. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.07.013. PMID 15522810.
  4. ^ a b Gilbert, C.; Ropiquet, A.; Hassanin, A. (2006). "Mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies of Cervidae (Mammalia, Ruminantia): Systematics, morphology, and biogeography". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (1): 101–117. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.017. PMID 16584894.
  5. ^ a b Samejima, Y.; Matsuoka, H. (2020). "A new viewpoint on antlers reveals the evolutionary history of deer (Cervidae, Mammalia)". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 8910. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.8910S. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-64555-7. PMC 7265483. PMID 32488122.
  6. ^ Randi, E.; Mucci, N.; Pierpaoli, M.; Douzery, E. (1998). "New phylogenetic perspectives on the Cervidae (Artiodactyla) are provided by the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 265 (1398): 793–801. doi:10.1098/rspb.1998.0362. PMC 1689037. PMID 9628037.
  7. ^ van Roosmalen, M. G. M. (2015). "Hotspot of new megafauna found in the Central Amazon: the lower Rio Aripuanã Basin" (PDF). Biodiversity Journal. 6 (1): 219–244.
  8. ^ De Bord, Daniel (2009). "Alces alces". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
  9. ^ a b c d Hundertmark, K. (2016). "Alces alces". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T56003281A22157381. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T56003281A22157381.en.
  10. ^ Baskin, L. M. (2009). "Status of Regional Moose Populations in European and Asiatic Russia". Alces. 45: 1–4. Archived from the original on February 26, 2018. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
  11. ^ a b Jacques, Kristi (2000). "Capreolus capreolus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
  12. ^ a b c Lovari, S.; Herrero, J.; Masseti, M.; Ambarli, H.; Lorenzini, R.; Giannatos, G. (2016). "Capreolus capreolus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42395A22161386. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T42395A22161386.en.
  13. ^ Smith, Xie, p. 347
  14. ^ a b c Lovari, S.; Masseti, M.; Lorenzini, R. (2016). "Capreolus pygargus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42396A22161884. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T42396A22161884.en.
  15. ^ Smith, Xie, p. 359
  16. ^ a b c Harris, R. B.; Duckworth, J. W. (2015). "Hydropotes inermis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T10329A22163569. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T10329A22163569.en.
  17. ^ Katopodes, Demetra (1999). "Hydropotes inermis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
  18. ^ Eisenberg, Redford, Reid, Bonner (vol. 3), p. 340
  19. ^ a b c Duarte, J. M. B; Varela, D.; Piovezan, U.; Beccaceci, M. D.; Garcia, J. E. (2016). "Blastocerus dichotomus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T2828A22160916. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T2828A22160916.en.
  20. ^ Eisenberg, Redford, Reid, Bonner (vol. 2), p. 241
  21. ^ a b c Black-Decima, P. A.; Corti, P.; Díaz, N.; Fernandez, R.; Geist, V.; Gill, R.; Gizejewski, Z.; Jiménez, J.; Pastore, H.; Saucedo, C.; Wittmer, H. (2016). "Hippocamelus bisulcus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T10054A22158895. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T10054A22158895.en.
  22. ^ a b Putz, Brian (2003). "Hippocamelus antisensis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
  23. ^ a b c Barrio, J.; Nuñez, A.; Pacheco, L.; Regidor, H. A.; Fuentes-Allende, N. (2017). "Hippocamelus antisensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T10053A22158621. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T10053A22158621.en.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Wilson, Mittermeier, p. 441–443
  25. ^ a b Rossi, R. V.; Duarte, J. M. B (2016). "Mazama nemorivaga". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136708A22158407. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T136708A22158407.en.
  26. ^ a b Bello, J.; Reyna, R.; Schipper, J. (2016). "Mazama temama". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136290A22164644. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T136290A22164644.en.
  27. ^ "Dwarf brocket (Mazama chunyi)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on August 11, 2010. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  28. ^ a b c Rumiz, D. I.; Barrio, J. (2016). "Mazama chunyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T12913A22165860. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12913A22165860.en.
  29. ^ a b c Black-Decima, P. A.; Vogliotti, A. (2016). "Mazama gouazoubira". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T29620A22154584. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T29620A22154584.en.
  30. ^ a b Eisenberg, Redford, Reid, Bonner (vol. 3), p. 346
  31. ^ a b c Lizcano, D. and Alvarez; S. J. (2016). "Mazama rufina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T12914A22165586. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12914A22165586.en.
  32. ^ a b c Lizcano, D. J.; Alvarez, S. J. (2016). "Mazama bricenii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136301A22165039. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T136301A22165039.en.
  33. ^ a b c Duarte, J. M. B; Vogliotti, A.; Cartes, J. L.; Oliveira, M. L. (2015). "Mazama nana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T29621A22154379. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T29621A22154379.en.
  34. ^ Kossel, Kyle (2013). "Mazama americana". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
  35. ^ a b c Duarte, J. M. B; Vogliotti, A. (2016). "Mazama americana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T29619A22154827. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T29619A22154827.en.
  36. ^ a b Vogliotti, A.; Oliveira, M. L.; Duarte, J. M. B. (2016). "Mazama bororo". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41023A22155086. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41023A22155086.en.
  37. ^ a b Misuraca, Michael (1999). "Odocoileus hemionus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  38. ^ a b c Sanchez Rojas, G. and Gallina Tessaro; S. (2016). "Odocoileus hemionus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42393A22162113. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T42393A22162113.en.
  39. ^ Reid, p. 291
  40. ^ a b Weber, M.; de Grammont, P. C.; Cuarón, A. D. (2016). "Mazama pandora". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T29622A22154219. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T29622A22154219.en.
  41. ^ Dewey, Tanya (2003). "Odocoileus virginianus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved November 28, 2020.
  42. ^ a b c Gallina, S. and Lopez Arevalo; H. (2016). "Odocoileus virginianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42394A22162580. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42394A22162580.en.
  43. ^ a b D'Elia, Guillermo (1999). "Ozotoceros bezoarticus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  44. ^ a b c González, S.; Jackson, III; J. J., Merino; M. L. (2016). "Ozotoceros bezoarticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T15803A22160030. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T15803A22160030.en.
  45. ^ a b Geist, p. 120
  46. ^ a b "Southern Chili". World Wide Fund for Nature. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  47. ^ a b c Barrio, J.; Tirira, D. G. (2019). "Pudu mephistophiles". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T18847A22163836. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T18847A22163836.en.
  48. ^ a b Robidoux, Meagan (2014). "Pudu puda". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  49. ^ a b c Silva-Rodríguez, E; Pastore, H.; Jiménez, J. (2016). "Pudu puda". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T18848A22164089. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T18848A22164089.en.
  50. ^ Joly, Kyle C.; Shefferly, Nancy (2000). "Rangifer tarandus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  51. ^ a b c Gunn, A. (2016). "Rangifer tarandus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T29742A22167140. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T29742A22167140.en.
  52. ^ Lundrigan, Barbara; Oas, Rebecca (2003). "Elaphodus cephalophus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  53. ^ a b c Harris, R. B.; Jiang, Z. (2015). "Elaphodus cephalophus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T7112A22159620. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T7112A22159620.en.
  54. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Wilson, Mittermeier, p. 409–412
  55. ^ Jetzer, Ashley (2007). "Muntiacus atherodes". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  56. ^ a b Timmins, R. J.; Belden, G.; Brodie, J.; Ross, J.; Wilting, A.; Duckworth, J. W. (2016). "Muntiacus atherodes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42189A22166396. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42189A22166396.en.
  57. ^ a b Timmins, R.; Steinmetz, R.; Chutipong, W. (2016). "Muntiacus feae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T13927A22160266. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13927A22160266.en.
  58. ^ a b Timmins, R. J.; Duckworth, J. W.; Robichaud, W.; Long, B.; Gray, T. N. E.; Tilker, A. (2016). "Muntiacus vuquangensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T44703A22153828. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T44703A22153828.en.
  59. ^ Smith, Xie, p. 355
  60. ^ a b c Timmins, R.; Duckworth, J. W. (2016). "Muntiacus gongshanensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T13926A22160596. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13926A22160596.en.
  61. ^ Wood, Aaron (2006). "Muntiacus crinifrons". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  62. ^ a b c Timmins, R.; Chan, B. (2016). "Muntiacus crinifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T13924A22160753. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13924A22160753.en.
  63. ^ Gigliotti, Deanna (2013). "Muntiacus putaoensis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  64. ^ a b c Timmins, R. J.; Duckworth, J. W. (2016). "Muntiacus putaoensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136479A22159478. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T136479A22159478.en.
  65. ^ a b Jackson, Adria (2002). "Muntiacus muntjak". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  66. ^ a b c Timmins, R. J.; Duckworth, J. W.; Hedges, S. (2016). "Muntiacus muntjak". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42190A56005589. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T42190A56005589.en.
  67. ^ a b c Timmins, J; Duckworth, J. W. (2016). "Muntiacus puhoatensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136293A22164930. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T136293A22164930.en.
  68. ^ a b Deuling, Sara (2004). "Muntiacus reevesi". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  69. ^ a b c Timmins, J; Chan, B. (2020) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Muntiacus reevesi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42191A170905827. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42191A170905827.en.
  70. ^ a b Timmins, R.; Duckworth, J. W. (2016). "Muntiacus rooseveltorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T13928A22160435. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13928A22160435.en.
  71. ^ a b c Timmins, R. J.; Steinmetz, R.; Samba Kumar, N.; Anwarul Islam, Md.; Sagar Baral, H. (2016). "Muntiacus vaginalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136551A22165292. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T136551A22165292.en.
  72. ^ a b Timmins, R.; Duckworth, J. W. (2016). "Muntiacus truongsonensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T44704A22154056. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T44704A22154056.en.
  73. ^ Waring, G. H. (1996). "Preliminary study of the behavior and ecology of axis deer on Maui, Hawaii". Hawaii Ecosystems at Risk Project. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
  74. ^ Schaller, p. 38
  75. ^ a b c Duckworth, J. W.; Kumar, N. S.; Anwarul Islam, M.; Sagar Baral, H.; Timmins, R. (2015). "Axis axis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41783A22158006. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41783A22158006.en.
  76. ^ "Calamian deer (Axis calamianensis)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on February 8, 2019. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  77. ^ a b c Widmann, P.; Lastica, E. (2015). "Axis calamianensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T2446A22156678. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T2446A22156678.en.
  78. ^ Emanoil, p. 325
  79. ^ a b c Semiadi, G.; Duckworth, J. W.; Timmins, R. (2015). "Axis kuhlii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T2447A73071875. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T2447A73071875.en.
  80. ^ Smith, Xie, p. 349
  81. ^ a b c Timmins, R.; Duckworth, J. W.; Samba Kumar, N.; Anwarul Islam, M.; Sagar Baral, H.; Long, B.; Maxwell, A. (2015). "Axis porcinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41784A22157664. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41784A22157664.en.
  82. ^ Smith, Xie, p. 356
  83. ^ a b c Harris, R. B. (2015). "Cervus albirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T4256A61976756. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T4256A61976756.en.
  84. ^ Armstrong, Fitzgerald, Meaney, p. 446
  85. ^ Burt, p. 149
  86. ^ a b c Brook, S. M.; Pluháček, J.; Lorenzini, R.; Lovari, S.; Masseti, M.; Pereladova, O.; Mattioli, S. (2019) [errata version of 2018 assessment]. "Cervus canadensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T55997823A142396828. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T55997823A142396828.en.
  87. ^ Senseman, Rachel Lesley (2002). "Cervus elaphus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  88. ^ a b c Lovari, S.; Lorenzini, R.; Masseti, M.; Pereladova, O.; Carden, R. F.; Brook, S. M.; Mattioli, S. (2019) [errata version of 2018 assessment]. "Cervus elaphus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T55997072A142404453. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T55997072A142404453.en.
  89. ^ a b c Brook, S. M.; Donnithorne-Tait, D.; Lorenzini, R.; Lovari, S.; Masseti, M.; Pereladova, O.; Ahmad, K.; Thakur, M. (2017) [amended version of 2017 assessment]. "Cervus hanglu". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T4261A120733024. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T4261A120733024.en.
  90. ^ Landesman, Nathan (1999). "Cervus nippon". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  91. ^ a b c Harris, R. B. (2015). "Cervus nippon". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41788A22155877. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T41788A22155877.en.
  92. ^ a b c Dharmani, Aarti (2000). "Dama dama". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved November 28, 2020.
  93. ^ a b c Masseti, M.; Mertzanidou, D. (2008). "Dama dama". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T42188A10656554. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T42188A10656554.en.
  94. ^ a b c Werner, N. Y.; Rabiei, A.; Saltz, D.; Daujat, J.; Baker, K. (2016) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. "Dama mesopotamica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T6232A22164332. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T6232A22164332.en.
  95. ^ Jacobson, Erin (2003). "Elaphurus davidianus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  96. ^ a b c Jiang, Z.; Harris, R. B. (2016). "Elaphurus davidianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T7121A22159785. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T7121A22159785.en.
  97. ^ Wilson, Mittermeier, p. 425–426
  98. ^ a b c Gray, T. N. E.; Brook, S. M.; McShea, W. J.; Mahood, S.; Ranjitsingh, M. K.; Miyunt, A.; Hussain, S. A.; Timmins, R. (2015). "Rucervus eldii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T4265A22166803. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T4265A22166803.en.
  99. ^ "Eld's deer (Cervus eldii)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on February 26, 2013. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  100. ^ "Barasingha (Rucervus duvaucelii)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on February 6, 2019. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  101. ^ a b c Duckworth, J. W.; Kumar, N. S.; Pokharel, C. P.; Sagar Baral, H.; Timmins, R. (2015). "Rucervus duvaucelii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T4257A22167675. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T4257A22167675.en.
  102. ^ a b c Duckworth, J. W.; Robichaud, W.; Timmins, R. (2015). "Rucervus schomburgki". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T4288A79818502. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-3.RLTS.T4288A79818502.en.
  103. ^ "Visayan spotted deer (Rusa alfredi)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on January 12, 2013. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  104. ^ a b c Brook, S. M. (2016). "Rusa alfredi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T4273A22168782. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T4273A22168782.en.
  105. ^ "Philippine brown deer Deer (Rusa marianna)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on November 14, 2009. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  106. ^ a b c MacKinnon, J. R.; Ong, P.; Gonzales, J. (2015). "Rusa marianna". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T4274A22168586. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T4274A22168586.en.
  107. ^ John, p. 430
  108. ^ a b c Hedges, S.; Duckworth, J. W.; Timmins, R.; Semiadi, G.; Dryden, G. (2015). "Rusa timorensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41789A22156866. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T41789A22156866.en.
  109. ^ "Sambar deer (Rusa unicolor)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on October 13, 2018. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  110. ^ a b c Timmins, R.; Kawanishi, K.; Giman, B; Lynam, A.; Chan, B.; Steinmetz, R.; Sagar Baral, H.; Samba Kumar, N. (2015) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. "Rusa unicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41790A22156247. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T41790A22156247.en.

Sources

Read other articles:

D. D. Guttenplan

D. D. GuttenplanBornDon David GuttenplanPortsmouth, Virginia, U.S.Education Columbia University (BA) Clare College, Cambridge (BA) University College London (PhD) OccupationsJournalistEditorWriterKnown forEditor of The Nation (2019–present)SpouseMaria MargaronisChildren3, including Alexander Don David Guttenplan is editor of The Nation. A former London correspondent of the magazine,[1][2] he wrote The Holocaust on Trial,[3] a book about the Irving v Penguin Book...

 

 

France 3 Sud

France 3 SudDiluncurkan1975PemilikFrance TélévisionsSloganDe près, on se comprend mieuxNegara FranceKantor pusatToulouseSitus websud.france3.fr France 3 Sud merupakan satu dari 13 stasiun regional France 3, mengudara di region Midi-Pyrénées dan Languedoc-Roussillon dari kantornya di Toulouse, Menyiarkan berita regional, program dan olahraga, dalam Bahasa Perancis, Occitan dan Katalan. Sejarah Tahun 1975 FR3 Sud diluncurkan. Setelah pendirian France Télévisions tanggal 7 September ...

 

 

Ключ 87

爪 86 87 88 Піньінь: zhǎo Чжуїнь: ㄓㄠˇ Вейд-Джайлз: chao3 Ютпхін: zaau2 Он: Кун: Кандзі: 爪 tsume Хун: 손톱 sontop Им: 조 cho Індекс у Вікісловнику: 爪 Ключ 87 — ієрогліфічний ключ, що означає кіготь і є одним із 34 (загалом існує 214) ключів Кансі, що складаються з чотирьох рисок. У Словнику Кансі 36 с�...

صندوق الطائر (فيلم)

صندوق الطائرBird Boxمعلومات عامةالصنف الفني  القائمة ... فيلم دراما — فيلم رعب — فيلم خيال علمي — فيلم إثارة — فيلم مقتبس من رواية — فلم ما بعد الكارثة الموضوع ... تاريخ الصدور 21 ديسمبر 2018 مدة العرض 124 دقيقة[1]اللغة الأصلية الإنجليزية مأخوذ عن Bird Box (en) البلد  الولايات ال�...

 

 

フリントコーン

フリントコーン フリントコーンという名称は粒が堅いことからきており、いろいろな色をしている。種 Zea mays変種 Zea mays var. indurataテンプレートを表示 フリントコーン (英語: Flint corn、Zea mays var. indurata、別名インディアンコーンあるいはキャリココーン[1]) はトウモロコシの一種である。ひとつひとつの粒の外側にやわらかい胚乳を保護する堅い層があるため、

 

 

Bandar Udara Tawau

Bandar Udara Internasional TawauLapangan Terbang Antarabangsa TawauIATA: TWUICAO: WBKW TWULokasi Bandar Udara di Pulau KalimantanInformasiJenisPublikPemilikPemerintah MalaysiaPengelolaMalaysia Airports Holdings BerhadMelayaniDivisi Tawau, Sabah, Malaysia TimurLokasiTawau, Sabah, Malaysia TimurKetinggian dpl17 mdplKoordinat04°18′48″N 118°07′19″E / 4.31333°N 118.12194°E / 4.31333; 118.12194Landasan pacu Arah Panjang Permukaan m kaki 06R/24L 2,685 8,...

Sarmanovsky (distrito)

SarmanovskyСармановский райо́н (em russo)Сарман районы (em tártaro)   Distrito   Localização Localização do distrito de Sarmanovsky no TartaristãoLocalização do distrito de Sarmanovsky no Tartaristão País  Rússia República Tartaristão[1] Administração Sede Sarmanovo Características geográficas Área total 1 385 km² População total (2010) [2] 36 680 hab. Densidade 26,5 hab./km² Fuso horário MS...

 

 

Hospital de San Juan de Jerusalén (Támara de Campos)

Hospital de peregrinos; estancia que es sede del Ayuntamiento de TámaraEl hospital de San Juan de Jerusalén u hospital de peregrinos, situado en el municipio de Támara (Palencia) se edificó en un pequeño cerro por encima de la plaza donde está la iglesia de San Hipólito, desde el que se domina un gran paisaje de la Tierra de Campos. Se accede al cerro por una escalinata o por una rampa construida más modernamente. Se conserva sólo la iglesia románica del siglo XII, propiedad de...

 

 

Christian child's prayer

Easily memorable prayers recited by children This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Christian child's prayer – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This page is a candidate for copying over to Wikisource. If the page can be edit...

Belize op de Olympische Zomerspelen 2020

Belize op de Olympische Spelen Land Belize IOC-landcode BIZ (in 1968 en 1972 als HBR) NOC Belize Olympic and Commonwealth Games Association Olympische Zomerspelen 2020 in Tokio Vlaggendrager Samantha Dirks & Shaun Gill (opening) Amado Cruz (sluiting) Aantal deelnemers 3 Aantal disciplines 2 MedaillesRang: - goud0 zilver0 brons0 totaal0 Belize op de Zomerspelen 1968* · 1972* · 1976 · 1980 · 1984 · 1988 · 1992 · 1996 · 2000 · 2004 · 2008 · 2012 · 2016 · 2020*Als Brit...

 

 

Fauna of Madagascar

The history of the fauna of Madagascar in the context of plate tectonics and paleoclimate over the last 200 million years (Aepyornithidae arrived later than is indicated). A good example of Malagasy convergent evolution is the fossa, a Malagasy carnivore that has evolved in appearance and behaviour to be so like a large cat that it was originally classified in Felidae, when it is in fact more closely related to the mongoose The fauna of Madagascar is a part of the wildlife of Madagascar. Mada...

 

 

I Think We're Alone Now

1967 single by Tommy James and the Shondells For other uses, see I Think We're Alone Now (disambiguation). I Think We're Alone NowSingle by Tommy James and the Shondellsfrom the album I Think We're Alone Now B-sideGone, Gone, GoneReleased1967Recorded1966GenrePop rockbubblegum popgarage rock[1]Length2:08LabelRouletteSongwriter(s)Ritchie CordellProducer(s)Ritchie CordellTommy James and the Shondells singles chronology It's Only Love (1966) I Think We're Alone Now (1967) Mirage (1967) I ...

Lee David

Lee Da-witLahir3 Maret 1994 (umur 29)Nama lainLee DavidPekerjaanAktor Lee David (bahasa Korea: 이다윗) (lahir 3 Maret 1994) adalah aktor asal Korea Selatan.[1] Filmografi Serial televisi Tahun Judul Peran Jaringan 2001 TV Novel: Flower Story KBS1 2003 Age of Warriors Choe Woo KBS1 The King's Woman Pangeran Sunhwa SBS 2006 Yeon Gaesomun young Kim Yushin SBS 2007 Bad Woman, Good Woman MBC Yi San Pangeran Euneon MBC 2008 Iljimae Cha-dol/Shi-hoo muda SBS My Pitiful Sister...

 

 

Neuseeländische Botschaft in Berlin

Neuseeland Botschaft Neuseelands in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland Logo Staatliche Ebene bilateral Stellung der Behörde Botschaft Aufsichts­behörde(n) Außenministerium Bestehen seit 1953 Hauptsitz Deutschland Berlin Botschafter Craig Hawke Website https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/countries-and-regions/europe/germany Botschaft in der Friedrichstraße 60 in Berlin-Mitte Die neuseeländische Botschaft in Berlin ist die diplomatische Vertretung Neuseelands in der Bundesrepublik Deuts...

 

 

Estadio Maracaná

Estadio Maracaná kan verwijzen naar: Maracanã (stadion) - stadion in Brazilië Estadio Maracaná (Panama) - stadion in Panama Bekijk alle artikelen waarvan de titel begint met Estadio Maracaná of met Estadio Maracaná in de titel. Dit is een doorverwijspagina, bedoeld om de verschillen in betekenis of gebruik van Estadio Maracaná inzichtelijk te maken. Op deze pagina staat een uitleg van de verschillende betekenissen van Estadio Maracaná en verwijzingen daarnaart...

Tembok laut

Salah satu contoh tembok laut modern di Ventnor, Isle of Wight, Inggris Orang-orang bersosialisasi di tembok laut Malecón, Havana Tembok laut di Urangan, Queensland Tembok laut (atau dinding laut) adalah salah satu bentuk perlindungan kawasan pesisir yang terdampak langsung dengan laut atau proses pantai lainnya. Tujuan dibangunnya tembok laut adalah untuk melindungi area permukiman penduduk, konservasi, dan rekreasi dari pasang, ombak, dan tsunami.[1] Sifat statik tembok laut akan m...

 

 

Haloferax volcanii

Species of Halobacteria Haloferax volcanii A lab-grown culture of Haloferax volcanii imaged under an agarose pad using phase contrast microscopy. Scientific classification Domain: Archaea Kingdom: Euryarchaeota Phylum: Euryarchaeota Class: Halobacteria Order: Haloferacales Family: Haloferacaceae Genus: Haloferax Species: H. volcanii Binomial name Haloferax volcanii(Mullakhanbhai and Larsen, 1975) Torreblanca et al., 1986 Synonyms Halobacterium volcanii Mullakhanbhai and Larsen, 1975[...

 

 

1st & Ten (1984 TV series)

Television series This article is about the 1984 HBO comedy series. For the 2003 ESPN sports talk program, see 1st and 10 (2003 TV series). For other uses, see 1st & Ten (disambiguation). 1st & TenGenre Comedy Sports Created byCarl KleinschmittStarring Delta Burke O. J. Simpson Shannon Tweed John Matuszak Jason Beghe Geoffrey Scott Keith Amos Paul Tuerpe Prince Hughes Shanna Reed Reid Shelton Country of originUnited StatesNo. of seasons6No. of episodes80ProductionExecutive producers D...

Maryhill Central railway station

Former railway station in Scotland Maryhill CentralThis is all that is visible of the southern portal of the former Lanarkshire and Dunbartonshire Railway line heading north from Maryhill Central station. Hidden behind the Gala Bingo club, the tunnel entrance has been backfilled with earth, and the arch keystone is visible behind the shrubbery. Crossing above is the Glasgow Branch of the Forth & Clyde Canal.General informationLocationMaryhill, GlasgowScotlandCoordinates55°53′15″N 4°...

 

 

Girimulyo, Kulon Progo

GirimulyoKapanewonNegara IndonesiaProvinsiDaerah Istimewa YogyakartaKabupatenKulon ProgoPemerintahan • PanewuDrs. SUMIRAN[butuh rujukan]Populasi • Total- jiwaKode Kemendagri34.01.09 Kode BPS3401090 Luas- km²Desa/kelurahan- Girimulyo (Jawa: ꦒꦶꦫꦶꦒꦸꦭꦾ, translit. Girimulya) adalah sebuah kecamatan di Kabupaten Kulon Progo, Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Pembagian administratif Kepanewon Girimulyo terdiri dari kaluraha...

 

 

Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya