Tunjos in the Museo del Oro, BogotáZoomorph tunjo in the Museo del OroTunjo mold in the Museo del OroTunjos of tumbaga in the Museo del OroTunjo symbol of Club Colombia beer
The Muisca, organised in their loose Muisca Confederation, exhibited one of the four advanced civilizations of the pre-ColumbianAmericas.[3] While the Aztec, the Maya and the Inca were famous for their grand architecture with temples, pyramids and cities, the Muisca lived in simple wooden and reed bohíos. The main skill of the Muisca was their goldworking. The Muisca made pectoral pieces, nose rings (narigueras), earrings, plates, poporos and other figures from the gold they traded with the surrounding indigenous groups, such as the Muzo, Panche, Guane, Pijao and others. One of the most common finds of these gold or tumbaga figures are the tunjos.[4]
Description
Tunjos were small figures picturing people, the deities of the Muisca religion or animals. They were used for three purposes; as ornaments in the graves of the Muisca people, from various social classes, as decoration at the entrances of temples and shrines, which once filled were buried in secret places by the Muisca priests and as offer ritual figures in the sacred lakes and rivers of the Muisca.[5]
Tunjos have been uncovered in Lake Guatavita, Bosa River; the part of the Bogotá River west of the Bogotá neighbourhood Bosa, and in various other sacred sites of the Muisca. Tunjos have been found in caves too.[6] In 2001, a farmer found three tunjos in Carmen de Carupa, Cundinamarca.[2] Exactly the same figures have been found up to the Valle del Cauca in the south of Colombia.[5] The Pijao also made tunjos.[7]
Fabrication
The Muisca used to make matrixes or moulds of rock types such as shales and obsidian and poured their molten gold or tumbaga into the matrix. When the metals were cooled and solidified, they removed the stone moulds and the tunjos remained.[5] To create the 2D tunjos, they used a lost-wax casting process using beeswax to make the figure, put the wax tunjo in clay, that was heated to evaporate the wax and the gold or tumbaga was poured into the empty space left.[8]
The design of the majority of tunjos appears to have gold wire soldered or brazed onto their surface. This, however, is not the case and analysis of the dendrites formed in the metal has shown that they have in fact been cast as one piece.
Alloys
Various tunjos have been analysed with X-ray fluorescence (XRF) giving the following results:[5][9]
Ocampo López, Javier (2007), Grandes culturas indígenas de América - Great indigenous cultures of the Americas (in Spanish), Bogotá, Colombia: Plaza & Janes Editores Colombia S.A., pp. 1–238, ISBN978-958-14-0368-4