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Haut-fond

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Phare signalant la présence d'un haut-fond, en Floride

Dans le vocabulaire océanographique, un haut-fond est un sommet sous-marin recouvert d'une eau peu profonde et dangereux pour la navigation [1].

Les hauts-fonds sont présents en certains endroits des plateaux continentaux maritimes, résultant de la présence de rochers proches de la surface (récifs) ou de bancs de sable immergés.

Terminologie

Dans certaines sources, les hauts-fonds sont appelés secs ou sèches[2],[3]. Un sec est un terme local de pêche et de plaisance du midi de la France désignant un haut-fond à quelque distance de la côte. La pêche y est souvent fructueuse[4].

Les hauts-fonds sont essentiellement rocheux, mais parfois accompagnés d'accumulations meubles (sable, graviers coquilliers ou galets) parfois importantes.

Les géomorphologues distinguent les chaussées, plateaux rocheux parfois hérissés d'écueils (exemples : la chaussée de Sein, la chaussée des Pierres Noires), et les bancs de sable, moins accidentés, souvent isolés en avant des chaussées[5].

Effets des hauts-fonds

La présence de hauts-fonds peut générer des vagues ou des remous violents, comme la vague de Belharra.

Les parois d'un sec volumineux peuvent constituer un tombant.[pas clair]

Exemples de hauts-fonds

France métropolitaine

France d'Outremer

Europe

  • Les Ridens dans le pas de Calais, entre la France et l'Angleterre
  • Le volcan sous-marin Ferdinandea, au large de la Sicile[Où ?] : en 2019, son sommet se trouvait à −8 mètres de profondeur)

Autres localisations

* La chaîne sous-marine Corner Rise Seamounts (en) entre les Bermudes et les Açores (haut-fond à −1 000 mètres mais très proéminent sur le fond)[6][pas clair]

Notes et références

  1. ↑ Petit dictionnaire de marine, Société d'Éditions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales, 1943.
  2. ↑ « C'est quoi un "SEC" au juste? », sur plongeur.com
  3. ↑ Eric Vastine, « Plongée du Bord sur Le Sec de Port d’Alon », sur plongerdubord.com,
  4. ↑ name="Gruss">Dictionnaire Gruss de marine, Éditions maritimes et d'outre-mer, 1978.
  5. ↑ Jean-Jacques Delannoy, Philip Deline, René Lhénaff, Géographie physique : aspects et dynamique du géosystème terrestre, De Boeck Superieur, , p. 634.
  6. ↑ (en-US) « Recap: Exploring the Corner Rise Seamounts: 2021 North Atlantic Stepping Stones: New England and Corner Rise Seamounts: NOAA Ocean Exploration », sur oceanexplorer.noaa.gov (consulté le )

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