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Monadnock

Monte Monadnock (Stati Uniti d'America), la montagna da cui ha avuto origine il termine
Pietra di Bismantova negli Appennini
Veduta aerea di Uluṟu, Australia

Un monadnock (in italiano anche collina isolata[1]) o inselberg (in italiano anche montagna isolata[1]) è un rilievo, una cresta o un piccolo monte isolato emergente nel mezzo di una piana o di un'area a rilievo moderato. Nell'Africa meridionale e centrale, una formazione granitica simile viene detta kopje, dalla parola di lingua afrikaans koppie ('piccola testa').

Descrizione

Monadnock è un termine utilizzato originariamente dai nativi americani per indicare una collina isolata o una montagna che emergeva da un'area piana, generalmente perché sopravvissuta all'erosione. Si pensa che l'origine del nome derivi dal linguaggio abenaki, o dalla parola menonadenak ("montagna liscia") o menadena ("montagna isolata").[2] Il nome fu preso dal Mount Monadnock nel New Hampshire (USA) sudoccidentale.[3] Questo monte, alto 965 m, si innalza di 610 m rispetto al livello del piatto terreno circostante, 300 m più alto di qualunque rilievo nel raggio di circa 50 km.[4]

Il termine inselberg invece è di origine tedesca e significa "montagna isolata"; fu originariamente coniato nel 1900 dal geologo tedesco Wilhelm Bornhardt (1864–1946) per descrivere queste numerose forme osservate nell'Africa orientale.[5] Proprio in onore di questo geologo, quando il monadnock è a forma di duomo o cupola e formato da rocce granitiche o gneissiche è anche chiamato bornhardt.

Secondo alcuni autori le due denominazioni di monadnock e inselberg non sono esattamente intercambiabili,[6] mentre altri autori li ritengono due sinonimi.[7]

Formazione

I monadnock si formano tipicamente, anche se non esclusivamente, in aree tropicali. I vulcani o altri processi intrusivi possono dare origine a masse rocciose resistenti all'erosione, all'interno di corpi di rocce più tenere come le arenarie, più soggette ad erosione. Quando le rocce più tenere sono erose, si forma una piana da cui si innalzano come rilievi isolati le masse rocciose più resistenti. Durante gli eventi glaciali il rilievo può rimanere al di fuori del ghiacciaio, formando quello che viene definito un nunatak.

Esempi di monadnock

Tra i monadnock più famosi si possono citare:

Africa

America del Nord

America del Sud

Australia

Europa

Note

  1. ^ a b Il McGraw-Hill Zanichelli small size. Dizionario enciclopedico scientifico e tecnico inglese-italiano italiano-inglese, Bologna, Zanichelli, 1986, ISBN 88-08-06170-1. 1ª ed. originale: (EN) McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1974.
  2. ^ (EN) "Vermont Soils with Names of American Indian Origin Archiviato il 20 marzo 2009 in Internet Archive. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, 1989. Accesso 6 gennaio 2008.
  3. ^ (EN) Chet Raymo, Maureen E. Raymo, Written in Stone: A Geologic History of the Northeastern United States. Globe Pequot, Chester, Connecticut.
  4. ^ (EN) Henry I. Baldwin, Monadnock Guide 4th edition, Concord, New Hampshire, Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests, 1989.
  5. ^ (EN) Arthur Holmes, 1978 Holmes Principles of Physical Geology Taylor & Francis: New York.
  6. ^ (EN) John Gerrard, Rocks and Landforms, Florence, KY, Routledge, 1988.
  7. ^ (EN) Lester Charles King, 1953, Canons of landscape evolution, Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 64, no. 7, p. 721–752.
  8. ^ AA.VV., Atti del convegno, rapporti Alpi-Appennino, e guide alle escursioni - Peveragno (CN) 31 maggio-1 giugno 1994, 1995, p. 474. URL consultato il 1º marzo 2023.
  9. ^ AA.VV., Natura- rivista di scienze naturali, vol. 73-77, Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali, 1982, p. 123. URL consultato il 1º marzo 2023.

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

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