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PCA3

L'antigene 3 del tumore prostatico (o PCA3, Prostate Cancer Antigen 3 o DD3) è un pseudogene che, se trascritto, genera un RNA non codificante: in altre parole, genera una macromolecola che non può essere tradotta in una proteina. Nell'umano, esso è selettivamente espresso nella prostata[1][2] e a causa di questa elevata selettività d'espressione viene utilizzato come marcatore tumorale.[3] Il PCA3-RNA è difatti iperespresso nel cancro alla prostata.[4][5]

Il PCA3 è stato scoperto su cellule tumorali della prostata nel 1999.[4]

Utilizzo clinico

Il biomarcatore più utilizzato per la diagnosi di PCa è attualmente il PSA sierico; tuttavia, poiché il Prostate-Specific-Antigen è prostata-specifico ma non cancro-specifico, esso può portare a dei falsi positivi. Ad esempio, i livelli sierici di PSA possono aumentare per cause fisiologiche in uomini >50 anni a causa del fenomeno di iperplasia prostatica benigna.

PCA3 potrebbe rivelarsi un nuovo biomarker sostituto, poiché rispetto al dosaggio del PSA i livelli di PCA3 nelle urine costituiscono un test con una sensibilità minore, una specificità maggiore e valori predittivi positivi e negativi migliori.[6] Dovrebbe essere misurato nei primi volumi di urina emessi dal paziente in seguito a palpazione prostatica (una parte dell'esame digito-rettale).[7]

È stato dimostrato che PCA3 assume un ruolo fondamentale come fattore diagnostico di carcinoma prostatico in una popolazione di uomini che va incontro a ripetuti esami di biopsia prostatica. [7][8] Questo implica una sua utilità clinica in quei pazienti che sono sospettati di PCa ma hanno presentato risultati negativi sia col dosaggio del PSA sierico e della biopsia prostatica. Questo avviene in circa il 60% dei casi, con un 20-40% che presenta risultati bioptici anormali.[9]

Il PCA3 è in via di studio anche come fattore prognostico, soprattutto in correlazione con il grading del volume prostatico (il Gleason score) o l'estensione extracapsulare del tumore. Diversi studi hanno riportato outcomes in conflitto tra loro. [10][11][12]

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Marion J. G. Bussemakers, Adrie van Bokhoven e Gerald W. Verhaegh, DD3::A New Prostate-specific Gene, Highly Overexpressed in Prostate Cancer, in Cancer Research, vol. 59, n. 23, 1º dicembre 1999, pp. 5975–5979. URL consultato il 25 gennaio 2018.
  2. ^ Combined analysis of multiple mRNA markers by RT-PCR assay for prostate cancer diagnosis, DOI:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.06.013.
  3. ^ Stacy Loeb, Does PCA3 help identify clinically significant prostate cancer?, in European Urology, vol. 54, n. 5, November 2008, pp. 980–981, DOI:10.1016/j.eururo.2008.07.027. URL consultato il 25 gennaio 2018.
  4. ^ a b Bussemakers MJ, van Bokhoven A, Verhaegh GW, et al., DD3: a new prostate-specific gene, highly overexpressed in prostate cancer, in Cancer Res., vol. 59, n. 23, dicembre 1999, pp. 5975–9, PMID 10606244.
  5. ^ Neves AF, Araújo TG, Biase WK, et al., Combined analysis of multiple mRNA markers by RT-PCR assay for prostate cancer diagnosis, in Clin. Biochem., vol. 41, n. 14-15, luglio 2008, p. 1191, DOI:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.06.013, PMID 18640109.
  6. ^ V. Vlaeminck-Guillem, A. Ruffion e J. Andre, [Value of urinary PCA3 test for prostate cancer diagnosis], in Progres En Urologie: Journal De l'Association Francaise D'urologie Et De La Societe Francaise D'urologie, vol. 18, n. 5, May 2008, pp. 259–265, DOI:10.1016/j.purol.2008.03.029. URL consultato il 25 gennaio 2018.
  7. ^ a b Alexander Haese, Alexandre de la Taille e Hendrik van Poppel, Clinical utility of the PCA3 urine assay in European men scheduled for repeat biopsy, in European Urology, vol. 54, n. 5, November 2008, pp. 1081–1088, DOI:10.1016/j.eururo.2008.06.071. URL consultato il 25 gennaio 2018.
  8. ^ Leonard S. Marks, Yves Fradet e Ina Lim Deras, PCA3 molecular urine assay for prostate cancer in men undergoing repeat biopsy, in Urology, vol. 69, n. 3, March 2007, pp. 532–535, DOI:10.1016/j.urology.2006.12.014. URL consultato il 25 gennaio 2018.
  9. ^ Alexandre de la Taille, Progensa PCA3 test for prostate cancer detection, in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, vol. 7, n. 5, September 2007, pp. 491–497, DOI:10.1586/14737159.7.5.491. URL consultato il 25 gennaio 2018.
  10. ^ Hiroyuki Nakanishi, Jack Groskopf e Herbert A. Fritsche, PCA3 molecular urine assay correlates with prostate cancer tumor volume: implication in selecting candidates for active surveillance, in The Journal of Urology, vol. 179, n. 5, May 2008, pp. 1804–1809; discussion 1809–1810, DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2008.01.013. URL consultato il 25 gennaio 2018.
  11. ^ Martijn P. M. Q. van Gils, Daphne Hessels e Christina A. Hulsbergen-van de Kaa, Detailed analysis of histopathological parameters in radical prostatectomy specimens and PCA3 urine test results, in The Prostate, vol. 68, n. 11, 1º agosto 2008, pp. 1215–1222, DOI:10.1002/pros.20781. URL consultato il 25 gennaio 2018.
  12. ^ Eric J. Whitman, Jack Groskopf e Amina Ali, PCA3 score before radical prostatectomy predicts extracapsular extension and tumor volume, in The Journal of Urology, vol. 180, n. 5, November 2008, pp. 1975–1978; discussion 1978–1979, DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2008.07.060. URL consultato il 25 gennaio 2018.
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Anal Quant Cytol Histol. 2012 Apr;34(2):96-104. Prostate cancer gene 3 urine assay cutoff in diagnosis of prostate cancer: a validation study on an Italian patient population undergoing first and repeat biopsy. Bollito E, De Luca S, Cicilano M, Passera R, Grande S, Maccagnano C, Cappia S, Milillo A, Montorsi F, Scarpa RM, Papotti M, Randone DF. Source Department of Pathology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital and University of Turin, Orbassano.

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