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沛郡

历代变更
设立西汉
使用状况南北朝废除
秦朝泗川郡(简写作四川郡,误为泗水郡)
西汉沛郡
东汉沛国
東晉/十六國沛郡
南北朝并入彭城郡

沛郡,或沛国,是从西汉开始设立的一个郡级行政区划,辖区范围之后有变化。

沿革

汉书》记载秦设泗水郡(《史記》作泗川郡)。秦代封泥文物的出土四川太守以及存世四川轻车印,泗水郡乃四川郡之传抄之误(四川郡,实为秦封泥字,四实为泗,因泗的水旁和川同故去水旁,通假字。另根据秦简,也写作四川郡)。“泗水郡”之名亦有,东汉曾有段时间撤原泗水国,设泗水郡,故而后之学者多误。泗水郡郡治所在相县而非沛县,正清末著名历史地理专家杨守敬在他的《水经注疏》泗水篇里说泗水郡治所在沛县是错误的。

四川郡源自当时境内淮河沂水濉水泗水四条主要河流。[1]秦郡治相县(今安徽淮北市相山区范围),地跨今天江苏北部徐州市周边、河南省东南小部分以及安徽省淮北市宿州市等地区。

西汉的开国皇帝汉太祖高皇帝刘邦丰县人氏。秦代泗川郡随着秦代的灭亡而消失。西汉建立后,劉邦把齊王韩信改封為楚王,楚國包含劉邦的家乡丰县以及工作过的沛县徐州附近地方,消滅異姓王風潮中,劉邦誅滅韩信,又把楚國封给自己的弟弟楚元王刘交,成為同姓諸侯國。全盛时期的楚国通领西汉三十六县,四十城。不过到了汉景帝七国之乱后,汉朝全面削藩。到《汉书地理志》寫作的时候,楚国所统之县,只剩下七个县。而其它县被新成立的沛郡统领。汉书地理志中沛郡成立于汉高帝时的说法是明显错误的,已经得到学术界公认。西汉中期以后将郡改名为沛郡,原郡内的彭城(今徐州市)及其附近被分置为楚国。但沛郡统县仍多达37,40万户、200万人,治所仍在相县。东汉时,郡改为沛国,西南部地区被归入汝南郡,统县减少到21,户20.095万,人口25.1393万[2]东汉末年,沛国先后被军阀袁绍袁术陶谦刘备吕布所占据,最后被权臣曹操所得。

三国曹魏的缔造者曹操是沛国西部的谯县人氏,他将原沛国包括郡治相县在内的绝大部分划归新建的谯郡,沛国范围大大缩小,国治新设在小沛,这是后之史家把沛县当做四川郡郡治的根本原因。西晋统一后,沛国获得了原谯郡、下邳郡的部分地区,其辖区成为了一个南北较长东西狭窄的形势,统县9,郡治迁回相县。

南朝在今安徽省天长市侨置南沛郡沛县改南沛郡为泾城郡泾州改泾城为沛郡。

南北朝末年,北周将沛郡并入彭城郡石梁郡,从此沛作为郡名消失。不过作为郡名来源的沛县却将这个名称保留到了今天。

特点

沛郡(国)虽然存在时间并不算太长,但是其地却先后出现了刘邦曹操两个改变天下局势、创立大业的人物。此外,西楚霸王项羽曾将据点设立在当时郡内的彭城,而明朝开国皇帝朱元璋祖籍在沛国相县。[3]

参考文献

出处

  1. ^ 辛德勇. 秦始皇三十六郡新考. 北京大学中国古代史研究中心. [2008-07-03]. (原始内容存档于2007-11-25). 
  2. ^ 后汉书 志 郡国二》郡下21个县有相、萧、沛、丰等。
  3. ^ 明太祖实录卷之一. 中国社会科学网. (原始内容存档于2020-11-14). 

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