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Galyum

Galyum, 31Ga
%99,999 saflıktaki galyum kristalleri
Görünüşgümüşî mavi
Standart atom ağırlığı Ar, std(Ga)69,723(1)
Periyodik tablodaki yeri
Hidrojen Helyum
Lityum Berilyum Bor Karbon Azot Oksijen Flor Neon
Sodyum Magnezyum Alüminyum Silisyum Fosfor Kükürt Klor Argon
Potasyum Kalsiyum Skandiyum Titanyum Vanadyum Krom Manganez Demir Kobalt Nikel Bakır Çinko Galyum Germanyum Arsenik Selenyum Brom Kripton
Rubidyum Stronsiyum İtriyum Zirkonyum Niyobyum Molibden Teknesyum Rutenyum Rodyum Paladyum Gümüş Kadmiyum İndiyum Kalay Antimon Tellür İyot Ksenon
Sezyum Baryum Lantan Seryum Praseodim Neodimyum Prometyum Samaryum Evropiyum Gadolinyum Terbiyum Disprozyum Holmiyum Erbiyum Tulyum İterbiyum Lutesyum Hafniyum Tantal Tungsten Renyum Osmiyum İridyum Platin Altın Cıva Talyum Kurşun Bizmut Polonyum Astatin Radon
Fransiyum Radyum Aktinyum Toryum Protaktinyum Uranyum Neptünyum Plütonyum Amerikyum Küriyum Berkelyum Kaliforniyum Aynştaynyum Fermiyum Mendelevyum Nobelyum Lavrensiyum Rutherfordiyum Dubniyum Seaborgiyum Bohriyum Hassiyum Meitneriyum Darmstadtiyum Röntgenyum Kopernikyum Nihoniyum Flerovyum Moskovyum Livermoryum Tennesin Oganesson
Al

Ga

İn
çinkogalyumgermanyum
Atom numarası (Z)31
Grup13. grup (bor grubu)
Periyot4. periyot
Blok p bloku
Elektron dizilimi[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
Kabuk başına elektron2, 8, 18, 3
Fiziksel özellikler
Faz (SSB'de)Katı
Erime noktası302,9146 K ​(29,7646 °C, ​85,5763 °F)
Kaynama noktası2673 K (2400 °C; 4352 °F)[1]
Yoğunluk (SSB'de)5,91 g/L
sıvıyken (en'de)6,095 g/cm3
Erime entalpisi5,59 kJ/mol
Buharlaşma entalpisi256 kJ/mol[1]
Molar ısı kapasitesi25,86 J/(mol·K)
Buhar basıncı
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
T (K) 1310 1448 1620 1838 2125 2518
Atom özellikleri
Yükseltgenme durumları-5, -4, -3,[2] -2, -1, +1, +2, +3[3] (amfoter oksit)
ElektronegatiflikPauling ölçeği: 1,81
İyonlaşma enerjileri
  • 1.: 578,8 kJ/mol
  • 2.: 1979,3 kJ/mol
  • 3.: 2963 kJ/mol
  • (daha fazla)
Atom yarıçapıDeneysel: 135 pm
Kovalent yarıçapı122±3 pm
Van der Waals yarıçapı187 pm
Bir spektrum aralığındaki renk çizgileri
Bir spektrum aralığındaki renk çizgileri
Elementin spektrum çizgileri
Diğer özellikleri
Kristal yapıOrtorombik
Ortorombik kristal yapısıgalyum
Ses hızı çubukta2740 m/s (20 °C'de)
Isı iletkenliği40,6 W/(m·K)
Isı geçirgenliği18 mm2/s (300 K'de)
Elektrik direnci270 Ω·m (20 °C'de)
Manyetik düzenDiyamanyetik
Manyetik alınganlık-21,6×10-6 cm3/mol (290 K'de)[4]
Young modülü9,8 GPa
Poisson oranı0,47
Mohs sertliği1,5
Brinell sertliği56,8-68,7 MPa
CAS Numarası7440-55-3
Tarihi
Adını aldığıLatincede Fransa anlamına gelen Gallia
ÖngörüDmitri Mendeleyev (1871)
Keşif ve ilk izolasyonLecoq de Boisbaudran (1875)
Ana izotopları
İzotop Bolluk Yarı ömür (t1/2) Bozunma türü Ürün
66Ga yap 9,5 sa β+ 66Zn
67Ga yap 3,3 g ε 67Zn
68Ga yap 1,2 sa β+ 68Zn
69Ga %60,11 kararlı
70Ga yap 21 dk β- 70Ge
ε 70Zn
71Ga 39.89% kararlı
72Ga yap 14,1 sa β- 72Ge
73Ga yap 4,9 sa β- 73Ge

Galyum, kimyasal sembolü Ga, atom numarası 31 olan kimyasal elementtir. Oda sıcaklığında katı halde bulunur, yine oda sıcaklığında insan ile temasında erir. Boksit ve çinkonun saflaştırılması sırasında alüminyumla beraber elde edilir. En çok kullanılan bileşikleri galyum nitrit ve galyum arseniktir. Yarı iletkenlerin yapımında ve kızılötesi alıcılarında kullanılır.

Özellikleri

Galyum metali doğada saf halde bulunmaz. Ancak çok kolay elde edilir. Saf bir galyum, parlak, gümüş renkli cam parçalarına benzer. Metal konteynerlarda ya da cam konteynerlarda dondurularak depo edilir. Doğada %60.11 oranında 69Ga izotopu, %39.89 oranında 71Ga izotopu bulunur.

Tarihi

Galyum (Latince: Gallia, anlamı Galya, Fransa) ve (Gallus anlamı horoz) ilk olarak Lecoq de Boisbaudran tarafından 1875'te keşfedilmiştir. Daha sonra Dimitri Mendeleyev tarafından da periyodik tablodaki yeri belirlenmiştir. Boisbaudran elemente kendi ismini vermek yerine o zamanın kelime oyunundan yararlanarak Fransa'ya verilen latince isim olan galya ya atfen bu ismi vermiş ancak gallusta Lecoq un soyadının Latincesidir ve horoz anlamına gelmektedir.

Ayrıca bakınız

Kaynakça

  1. ^ a b Zhang Y; Evans JRG; Zhang S (2011). "Corrected Values for Boiling Points and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Elements in Handbooks". J. Chem. Eng. Data (İngilizce). 56 (2): 328-337. doi:10.1021/je1011086. 10 Temmuz 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 10 Temmuz 2021. 
  2. ^ Ga(-3) has been observed in LaGa, see Dürr, Ines; Bauer, Britta; Röhr, Caroline (2011). "Lanthan-Triel/Tetrel-ide La(Al,Ga)x(Si,Ge)1-x. Experimentelle und theoretische Studien zur Stabilität intermetallischer 1:1-Phasen" (PDF). Z. Naturforsch. 66b: 1107–1121. 
  3. ^ Hofmann, Patrick (1997). Colture. Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallgalliden (PDF) (Almanca). PhD Thesis, ETH Zurich. s. 72. doi:10.3929/ethz-a-001859893. ISBN 978-3728125972. 
  4. ^ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (İngilizce). Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. ss. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4. 

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