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Psalm 104

This article is about Psalm 104 in Hebrew (Masoretic) numbering. For Psalm 104 in Greek Septuagint or Latin Vulgate numbering, see Psalm 105.
Psalm 104
"Bless the LORD, O my soul. O LORD my God, thou art very great"
Psalm 104:24 in the West Window of Hook Church
Other name
  • Psalm 103
  • "Benedic anima mea Domino"
LanguageHebrew (original)
Psalm 104
BookBook of Psalms
Hebrew Bible partKetuvim
Order in the Hebrew part1
CategorySifrei Emet
Christian Bible partOld Testament
Order in the Christian part19

Psalm 104 is the 104th psalm of the Book of Psalms,[1] beginning in Hebrew "ברכי נפשי" (barachi nafshi: "bless my soul"); in English in the King James Version: "Bless the LORD, O my soul. O LORD my God, thou art very great". In the slightly different numbering system used in the Greek Septuagint and the Latin Vulgate version of the Bible, this psalm is Psalm 103. In Latin, it is known as "Benedic anima mea Domino".[2]

Psalm 104 is used as a regular part of Jewish, Eastern Orthodox, Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican and other Protestant liturgies. It has often been set to music, including works by John Dowland, Heinrich Schütz, Philip Glass and William Lovelady.

The inaugural occurrence of the term "Hallelujah" within the Old Testament can be identified in Psalm 104, with subsequent instances found in Psalms 105 and 106. Notably, O. Palmer Robertson perceives these Psalms as a cohesive triad, serving as the concluding compositions of Book 4.[3] Hallelujah will also appear in Psalm 113, Psalm 117, Psalm 135 Psalm and Psalms 146 through 150.[4]

The psalm bears a notable resemblance to Akhenaten's Great Hymn to the Aten, written some 400 years earlier in Egypt.[5]

Text

Hebrew

The following table shows the Hebrew text[6][7] of the Psalm with vowels alongside an English translation based upon the JPS 1917 translation (now in the public domain).

Verse Hebrew English translation (JPS 1917)
1 בָּרְכִ֥י נַפְשִׁ֗י אֶת־יְ֫הֹוָ֥ה יְהֹוָ֣ה אֱ֭לֹהַי גָּדַ֣לְתָּ מְּאֹ֑ד ה֖וֹד וְהָדָ֣ר לָבָֽשְׁתָּ׃‎ Bless the LORD, O my soul. O LORD my God, Thou art very great; Thou art clothed with glory and majesty.
2 עֹֽטֶה־א֭וֹר כַּשַּׂלְמָ֑ה נוֹטֶ֥ה שָׁ֝מַ֗יִם כַּיְרִיעָֽה׃‎ Who coverest Thyself with light as with a garment, who stretchest out the heavens like a curtain;
3 הַ֥מְקָרֶ֥ה בַמַּ֗יִם עֲֽלִיּ֫וֹתָ֥יו הַשָּׂם־עָבִ֥ים רְכוּב֑וֹ הַֽ֝מְהַלֵּ֗ךְ עַל־כַּנְפֵי־רֽוּחַ׃‎ Who layest the beams of Thine upper chambers in the waters, who makest the clouds Thy chariot, who walkest upon the wings of the wind;
4 עֹשֶׂ֣ה מַלְאָכָ֣יו רוּח֑וֹת מְ֝שָׁרְתָ֗יו אֵ֣שׁ לֹהֵֽט׃‎ Who makest winds Thy messengers, the flaming fire Thy ministers.
5 יָֽסַד־אֶ֭רֶץ עַל־מְכוֹנֶ֑יהָ בַּל־תִּ֝מּ֗וֹט עוֹלָ֥ם וָעֶֽד׃‎ Who didst establish the earth upon its foundations, that it should not be moved for ever and ever;
6 תְּ֭הוֹם כַּלְּב֣וּשׁ כִּסִּית֑וֹ עַל־הָ֝רִ֗ים יַ֖עַמְדוּ מָֽיִם׃‎ Thou didst cover it with the deep as with a vesture; the waters stood above the mountains.
7 מִן־גַּעֲרָ֣תְךָ֣ יְנוּס֑וּן מִן־ק֥וֹל רַֽ֝עַמְךָ֗ יֵחָפֵזֽוּן׃‎ At Thy rebuke they fled, at the voice of Thy thunder they hasted away—
8 יַעֲל֣וּ הָ֭רִים יֵרְד֣וּ בְקָע֑וֹת אֶל־מְ֝ק֗וֹם זֶ֤ה ׀ יָסַ֬דְתָּ לָהֶֽם׃‎ The mountains rose, the valleys sank down— Unto the place which Thou hadst founded for them;
9 גְּֽבוּל־שַׂ֭מְתָּ בַּל־יַעֲבֹר֑וּן בַּל־יְ֝שֻׁב֗וּן לְכַסּ֥וֹת הָאָֽרֶץ׃‎ Thou didst set a bound which they should not pass over, That they might not return to cover the earth.
10 הַֽמְשַׁלֵּ֣חַ מַ֭עְיָנִים בַּנְּחָלִ֑ים בֵּ֥ין הָ֝רִ֗ים יְהַלֵּכֽוּן׃‎ Who sendest forth springs into the valleys; They run between the mountains;
11 יַ֭שְׁקוּ כׇּל־חַיְת֣וֹ שָׂדָ֑י יִשְׁבְּר֖וּ פְרָאִ֣ים צְמָאָֽם׃‎ They give drink to every beast of the field, The wild asses quench their thirst.
12 עֲ֭לֵיהֶם עוֹף־הַשָּׁמַ֣יִם יִשְׁכּ֑וֹן מִבֵּ֥ין עֳ֝פָאיִ֗ם יִתְּנוּ־קֽוֹל׃‎ Beside them dwell the fowl of the heaven, From among the branches they sing.
13 מַשְׁקֶ֣ה הָ֭רִים מֵעֲלִיּוֹתָ֑יו מִפְּרִ֥י מַ֝עֲשֶׂ֗יךָ תִּשְׂבַּ֥ע הָאָֽרֶץ׃‎ Who waterest the mountains from Thine upper chambers; The earth is full of the fruit of Thy works.
14 מַצְמִ֤יחַ חָצִ֨יר ׀ לַבְּהֵמָ֗ה וְ֭עֵשֶׂב לַעֲבֹדַ֣ת הָאָדָ֑ם לְה֥וֹצִיא לֶ֝֗חֶם מִן־הָאָֽרֶץ׃‎ Who causeth the grass to spring up for the cattle, And herb for the service of man; To bring forth bread out of the earth,
15 וְיַ֤יִן ׀ יְשַׂמַּ֬ח לְֽבַב־אֱנ֗וֹשׁ לְהַצְהִ֣יל פָּנִ֣ים מִשָּׁ֑מֶן וְ֝לֶ֗חֶם לְֽבַב־אֱנ֥וֹשׁ יִסְעָֽד׃‎ And wine that maketh glad the heart of man, Making the face brighter than oil, And bread that stayeth man's heart.
16 יִ֭שְׂבְּעוּ עֲצֵ֣י יְהֹוָ֑ה אַֽרְזֵ֥י לְ֝בָנ֗וֹן אֲשֶׁ֣ר נָטָֽע׃‎ The trees of the LORD have their fill, The cedars of Lebanon, which He hath planted;
17 אֲשֶׁר־שָׁ֭ם צִפֳּרִ֣ים יְקַנֵּ֑נוּ חֲ֝סִידָ֗ה בְּרוֹשִׁ֥ים בֵּיתָֽהּ׃‎ Wherein the birds make their nests; As for the stork, the fir-trees are her house.
18 הָרִ֣ים הַ֭גְּבֹהִים לַיְּעֵלִ֑ים סְ֝לָעִ֗ים מַחְסֶ֥ה לַֽשְׁפַנִּֽים׃‎ The high mountains are for the wild goats; The rocks are a refuge for the conies.
19 עָשָׂ֣ה יָ֭רֵחַ לְמוֹעֲדִ֑ים שֶׁ֝֗מֶשׁ יָדַ֥ע מְבוֹאֽוֹ׃‎ Who appointedst the moon for seasons; The sun knoweth his going down.
20 תָּֽשֶׁת־חֹ֭שֶׁךְ וִ֣יהִי לָ֑יְלָה בּוֹ־תִ֝רְמֹ֗שׂ כׇּל־חַיְתוֹ־יָֽעַר׃‎ Thou makest darkness, and it is night, Wherein all the beasts of the forest do creep forth.
21 הַ֭כְּפִירִים שֹׁאֲגִ֣ים לַטָּ֑רֶף וּלְבַקֵּ֖שׁ מֵאֵ֣ל אׇכְלָֽם׃‎ The young lions roar after their prey, And seek their food from God.
22 תִּזְרַ֣ח הַ֭שֶּׁמֶשׁ יֵאָסֵפ֑וּן וְאֶל־מְ֝עוֹנֹתָ֗ם יִרְבָּצֽוּן׃‎ The sun ariseth, they slink away, And couch in their dens.
23 יֵצֵ֣א אָדָ֣ם לְפׇעֳל֑וֹ וְֽלַעֲבֹ֖דָת֣וֹ עֲדֵי־עָֽרֶב׃‎ Man goeth forth unto his work And to his labour until the evening.
24 מָה־רַבּ֬וּ מַעֲשֶׂ֨יךָ ׀ יְֽהֹוָ֗ה כֻּ֭לָּם בְּחׇכְמָ֣ה עָשִׂ֑יתָ מָלְאָ֥ה הָ֝אָ֗רֶץ קִנְיָנֶֽךָ׃‎ How manifold are Thy works, O LORD! In wisdom hast Thou made them all; The earth is full of Thy creatures.
25 זֶ֤ה ׀ הַיָּ֥ם גָּדוֹל֮ וּרְחַ֢ב יָ֫דָ֥יִם שָֽׁם־רֶ֭מֶשׂ וְאֵ֣ין מִסְפָּ֑ר חַיּ֥וֹת קְ֝טַנּ֗וֹת עִם־גְּדֹלֽוֹת׃‎ Yonder sea, great and wide, Therein are creeping things innumerable, Living creatures, both small and great.
26 שָׁ֭ם אֳנִיּ֣וֹת יְהַלֵּכ֑וּן לִ֝וְיָתָ֗ן זֶֽה־יָצַ֥רְתָּ לְשַֽׂחֶק־בּֽוֹ׃‎ There go the ships; There is leviathan, whom Thou hast formed to sport therein.
27 כֻּ֭לָּם אֵלֶ֣יךָ יְשַׂבֵּר֑וּן לָתֵ֖ת אׇכְלָ֣ם בְּעִתּֽוֹ׃‎ All of them wait for Thee, That Thou mayest give them their food in due season.
28 תִּתֵּ֣ן לָ֭הֶם יִלְקֹט֑וּן תִּפְתַּ֥ח יָ֝דְךָ֗ יִשְׂבְּע֥וּן טֽוֹב׃‎ Thou givest it unto them, they gather it; Thou openest Thy hand, they are satisfied with good.
29 תַּסְתִּ֥יר פָּנֶיךָ֮ יִֽבָּהֵ֫ל֥וּן תֹּסֵ֣ף ר֭וּחָם יִגְוָע֑וּן וְֽאֶל־עֲפָרָ֥ם יְשׁוּבֽוּן׃‎ Thou hidest Thy face, they vanish; Thou withdrawest their breath, they perish, And return to their dust.
30 תְּשַׁלַּ֣ח ר֭וּחֲךָ יִבָּרֵא֑וּן וּ֝תְחַדֵּ֗שׁ פְּנֵ֣י אֲדָמָֽה׃‎ Thou sendest forth Thy spirit, they are created; and Thou renewest the face of the earth.
31 יְהִ֤י כְב֣וֹד יְהֹוָ֣ה לְעוֹלָ֑ם יִשְׂמַ֖ח יְהֹוָ֣ה בְּמַעֲשָֽׂיו׃‎ May the glory of the LORD endure for ever; let the LORD rejoice in His works!
32 הַמַּבִּ֣יט לָ֭אָרֶץ וַתִּרְעָ֑ד יִגַּ֖ע בֶּהָרִ֣ים וְֽיֶעֱשָֽׁנוּ׃‎ Who looketh on the earth, and it trembleth; He toucheth the mountains, and they smoke.
33 אָשִׁ֣ירָה לַיהֹוָ֣ה בְּחַיָּ֑י אֲזַמְּרָ֖ה לֵאלֹהַ֣י בְּעוֹדִֽי׃‎ I will sing unto the LORD as long as I live; I will sing praise to my God while I have any being.
34 יֶעֱרַ֣ב עָלָ֣יו שִׂיחִ֑י אָ֝נֹכִ֗י אֶשְׂמַ֥ח בַּיהֹוָֽה׃‎ Let my musing be sweet unto Him; as for me, I will rejoice in the LORD.
35 יִתַּ֤מּוּ חַטָּאִ֨ים ׀ מִן־הָאָ֡רֶץ וּרְשָׁעִ֤ים ׀ ע֤וֹד אֵינָ֗ם בָּרְכִ֣י נַ֭פְשִׁי אֶת־יְהֹוָ֗ה הַֽלְלוּ־יָֽהּ׃‎ Let sinners cease out of the earth, and let the wicked be no more. Bless the LORD, O my soul. Hallelujah.

King James Version

  1. Bless the LORD, O my soul. O LORD my God, thou art very great; thou art clothed with honour and majesty.
  2. Who coverest thyself with light as with a garment: who stretchest out the heavens like a curtain:
  3. Who layeth the beams of his chambers in the waters: who maketh the clouds his chariot: who walketh upon the wings of the wind:
  4. Who maketh his angels spirits; his ministers a flaming fire:
  5. Who laid the foundations of the earth, that it should not be removed for ever.
  6. Thou coveredst it with the deep as with a garment: the waters stood above the mountains.
  7. At thy rebuke they fled; at the voice of thy thunder they hasted away.
  8. They go up by the mountains; they go down by the valleys unto the place which thou hast founded for them.
  9. Thou hast set a bound that they may not pass over; that they turn not again to cover the earth.
  10. He sendeth the springs into the valleys, which run among the hills.
  11. They give drink to every beast of the field: the wild asses quench their thirst.
  12. By them shall the fowls of the heaven have their habitation, which sing among the branches.
  13. He watereth the hills from his chambers: the earth is satisfied with the fruit of thy works.
  14. He causeth the grass to grow for the cattle, and herb for the service of man: that he may bring forth food out of the earth;
  15. And wine that maketh glad the heart of man, and oil to make his face to shine, and bread which strengtheneth man's heart.
  16. The trees of the LORD are full of sap; the cedars of Lebanon, which he hath planted;
  17. Where the birds make their nests: as for the stork, the fir trees are her house.
  18. The high hills are a refuge for the wild goats; and the rocks for the conies.
  19. He appointed the moon for seasons: the sun knoweth his going down.
  20. Thou makest darkness, and it is night: wherein all the beasts of the forest do creep forth.
  21. The young lions roar after their prey, and seek their meat from God.
  22. The sun ariseth, they gather themselves together, and lay them down in their dens.
  23. Man goeth forth unto his work and to his labour until the evening.
  24. O LORD, how manifold are thy works! in wisdom hast thou made them all: the earth is full of thy riches.
  25. So is this great and wide sea, wherein are things creeping innumerable, both small and great beasts.
  26. There go the ships: there is that leviathan, whom thou hast made to play therein.
  27. These wait all upon thee; that thou mayest give them their meat in due season.
  28. That thou givest them they gather: thou openest thine hand, they are filled with good.
  29. Thou hidest thy face, they are troubled: thou takest away their breath, they die, and return to their dust.
  30. Thou sendest forth thy spirit, they are created: and thou renewest the face of the earth.
  31. The glory of the LORD shall endure for ever: the LORD shall rejoice in his works.
  32. He looketh on the earth, and it trembleth: he toucheth the hills, and they smoke.
  33. I will sing unto the LORD as long as I live: I will sing praise to my God while I have my being.
  34. My meditation of him shall be sweet: I will be glad in the LORD.
  35. Let the sinners be consumed out of the earth, and let the wicked be no more. Bless thou the LORD, O my soul. Praise ye the LORD.

Content

One of the longer psalms, Psalm 104 is traditionally divided into 35 verses.[8] It begins by describing the glory of God ("Who coverest thyself with light as with a garment" v. 2).

  • Verse 5 asserts that God has "laid the foundations [מכון] of the Earth".
  • Verses 6 to 13 concern the ordering of the waters, verses 14–18 vegetation and animal life, and verses 19–24 the Sun and the Moon, and the cycle of day and night.
  • Verse 24 summarises: "O LORD, how manifold are thy works! in wisdom hast thou made them all: the earth is full of thy riches." (KJV)
  • Verse 26 mentions the Leviathan (sea monster).
  • Verses 27–30 emphasise how all creatures still depend on the ongoing attention and provision of the creator, and perish should he avert his attention.
  • Verse 30 reads "Thou sendest forth thy spirit, they are created: and thou renewest the face of the earth." (KJV)
  • The concluding verses (31–35) reiterate the power and glory of YHWH, and the composer expresses his adoration, and, in the final verse, his wish that the sinners (חטא) and wicked (רשע) be "consumed out of the earth".

In the Masoretic text, the phrase Hallelujah is placed at the end of the final verse. This is lacking in the Septuagint and the Vulgate, but it is rendered by the KJV as "Praise ye the LORD".

The subject matter and its presentation are closely related both to the first Genesis creation narrative (Genesis 1, chronologically younger than the second version in Genesis 2) where likewise the waters are separated before the creation of Sun and Moon, and to older written accounts of creation from the Ancient Near East, both Mesopotamian and Egyptian. In particular, the Egyptian Great Hymn to the Aten (14th century BC) is frequently cited as a predecessor.[9][10] Biblical scholar Mark S. Smith has commented that "Despite enduring support for the comparison of the two texts, enthusiasm for even indirect influence has been tempered in recent decades. In some quarters, the argument for any form of influence is simply rejected outright. Still some Egyptologists, such as Jan Assmann and Donald Redford, argue for Egyptian influence on both the Amarna correspondence (especially in EA 147) and on Psalm 104."[11]

Uses

Psalm 104:10, displayed on the restored well at Clearwell, once known as Wellington, in the Forest of Dean, West Gloucestershire, England (2008)

Judaism

New Testament

In the New Testament, verse 4 is quoted in Hebrews 1:7.[20]

Eastern Orthodox Church

In the Eastern Orthodox Church, Psalm 103 (Psalm 104 in the Masoretic Text) is read daily at the beginning of Vespers, marking the start of a new liturgical day. It is part of the fourteenth Kathisma division of the Psalter, read at Matins on Thursday mornings, as well as on Tuesdays and Fridays during Lent, at the Third Hour and Matins, respectively.[21]

At Vespers, Psalm 103/104 is traditionally appointed to be read by the senior reader (that is, the bishop if he is present, the elder or abbot of a monastery, or the senior reader at the kliros). On festal days when the All-Night Vigil is served, this Psalm is sung by a choir, traditionally with various refrains between verses.

In the context of Vespers, this Psalm is understood to be a hymn of creation, in all the fulness wherein God has created it – it speaks of animals, plants, waters, skies, etc. In the scope of the liturgical act, it is often taken to be Adam's song, sung outside the closed gates of Eden from which he has been expelled (cf. Genesis 3). While the reader chants the psalm, the priest stands outside the closed Royal Doors wearing only his epitrachilion, making this symbolism more evident.

Catholic Church

This psalm is used during the Easter Vigil on Holy Saturday night (the Vigil being the inauguration of the fifty-day Easter season, the end of Holy Week – and by extension Lent – and the ending of the three-day Easter Triduum of Holy Thursday, Good Friday, and Easter). In the Liturgy of the Word, the first reading is the Creation story of the Book of Genesis, and Psalm 104, which deals with the same material, is the responsorial psalm. It is used again during Pentecost, at the end of the Easter season, as the responsorial psalm for the Vigil and the Sunday Mass.[22][23]

Book of Common Prayer

In the Church of England's Book of Common Prayer, this psalm is appointed to be read on the evening of the twentieth day of the month,[24] as well as at Evensong on Whitsunday.[25]

German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder remarked, "It is worth studying the Hebrew language for ten years in order to read Psalm 104 in the original".[26]

Musician Bob Marley believed that cannabis use was prevalent in the Bible, reading passages such as the 14th verse of Psalm 104 as showing approval of its usage.[27]

Musical settings

In The Whole Booke of Psalmes, published by Thomas Est in 1592, Psalm 104 is set by John Dowland in English, "My soul praise the Lord". Heinrich Schütz composed a four-part setting to a metric German text, "Herr, dich lob die Seele mein", SVW 202, for the 1628 Becker Psalter. In his 1726 cantata Es wartet alles auf dich, BWV 187, Bach set verses 27 and 28 in the first movement.

The hymn "O Worship the King" by Sir Robert Grant, first published in 1833, is based on the psalm.[28]

Psalm 104, verse 4, was arranged for mixed chorus by Miriam Shatal in 1960.[29]

Psalm 104, in Hebrew, is set as part of Akhnaten, an opera by Philip Glass.

Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, commissioned a setting of Psalm 104 by William Lovelady to mark his 75th birthday. An abridged version of the cantata for four-part choir and organ was performed for his funeral service on 17 April 2021 in St George's Chapel, Windsor.

References

  1. ^ Eckhard von Nordheim, Die Selbstbehauptung Israels in der Welt des Alten Orients: religionsgeschichtlicher Vergleich anhand von Gen 15/22/28, dem Aufenthalt Israels in Ägypten, 2 Sam 7, 1 Kön 19 und Psalm 104, Vandenhoeck&Ruprecht Göttingen, 1992,
  2. ^ Parallel Latin/English Psalter / Psalmus 103 (104) Archived 7 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine medievalist.net
  3. ^ The Flow of the Psalms, O. Palmer Robertson, P&R Publishing, pp 173-174, 2015, ISBN 978-1-62995-133-1
  4. ^ The Flow of the Psalms, O. Palmer Robertson, P&R Publishing, pp 174-176, 2015, ISBN 978-1-62995-133-1
  5. ^ Brown, William P.; Schipper, Bernd U. (2014-03-28), Brown, William P. (ed.), "Egyptian Backgrounds to the Psalms", The Oxford Handbook of the Psalms, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199783335.013.004, ISBN 978-0-19-978333-5, retrieved 2024-07-17
  6. ^ "Psalms – Chapter 104". Mechon Mamre.
  7. ^ "Psalms 104 - JPS 1917". Sefaria.org.
  8. ^ Hermann Gunkel, Die Psalmen (1986), 442f.
  9. ^ See e.g. James B. Pritchard, "The Ancient Near East, An anthology of Texts and Pictures", Princeton University Press, 1958, p. 227. Eckhard von Nordheim, Die Selbstbehauptung Israels in der Welt des Alten Orients (1992), p. 155.
  10. ^ vgl. das Kapitel Der Große Hymnus des Echnaton und Psalm 104 in Eckhard von Nordheim, Die Selbstbehauptung Israels in der Welt des Alten Orients (1992), 155.
  11. ^ Smith, Mark S. (2010). God in Translation: Deities in Cross-Cultural Discourse in the Biblical World. William B Eerdmans Publishing. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-8028-6433-8. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  12. ^ Daily Prayer Book, Philip Birnbaum, 1949, p. 465
  13. ^ Scherman (1985:530)
  14. ^ Scherman (1985:2)
  15. ^ Scherman (1985:87)
  16. ^ Scherman (1985:587)
  17. ^ Scherman (1985:64)
  18. ^ Scherman (1985:265)
  19. ^ Scherman (1985:759)
  20. ^ Kirkpatrick, A. F. (1901). The Book of Psalms: with Introduction and Notes. The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. Vol. Book IV and V: Psalms XC–CL. Cambridge: At the University Press. p. 839. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
  21. ^ The Holy Psalter, Saint Ignatius Orthodox Press, 2022
  22. ^ "Pentecost Sunday". usccb.org.
  23. ^ "Holy Saturday – Vigil in the Holy Night of Easter". Usccb.org. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  24. ^ Church of England, Book of Common Prayer: The Psalter as printed by John Baskerville in 1762, pp. 274–275
  25. ^ "The Book of Common Prayer: Proper Psalms On Certain Days" (PDF). The Church of England. p. 6. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
  26. ^ Baron, Joseph L. (1 June 1996). A Treasury of Jewish Quotations (Revised, Subsequent ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 176. ISBN 1-56821-948-2. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  27. ^ Paprocki, Sherry; Dolan, Sean. Bob Marley: Musician. p. 51.
  28. ^ "O worship the King". Hymnology Archive. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
  29. ^ Cohen, Aaron I. (1987). International Encyclopedia of Women Composers. Books & Music (USA). ISBN 978-0-9617485-2-4.

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