Voiced labiodental approximant
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʋ⟩ in IPA
The voiced labiodental approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages . It is something between an English /w / and /v /, pronounced with the teeth and lips held in the position used to articulate the letter V . The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʋ ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is P
or v\
. With an advanced diacritic, ⟨ʋ̟ ⟩, this letter also indicates a bilabial approximant , though the diacritic is frequently omitted because no contrast is likely.[ 1] [ 2] [failed verification ]
The labiodental approximant is the typical realization of /v/ in the Indian South African variety of English. As the voiceless /f/ is also realized as an approximant ([ʋ̥ ] ), it is also an example of a language contrasting voiceless and voiced labiodental approximants.[ 3]
Features
Features of the voiced labiodental approximant:
Occurrence
Language
Word
IPA
Meaning
Notes
Äiwoo
nyiv eli
[ɲiʋeli]
'garden land'[ 4]
Armenian
Eastern [ 5]
ոսկի
[ʋɔski]
'gold'
Assyrian
haw a ܗܘܐ
[hɑːʋɑ ]
'wind'
Predominant in the Urmia dialects. For some speakers, [v ] is used. Corresponds to [w ] in the other varieties.
Catalan
Balearic
fav a
[ˈfɑʋɐ]
'bean'
Allophone of /v/ .[ 6] See Catalan phonology
Valencian [ 6]
Chinese
Mandarin
為
为 / w èi
[we̞i]
[ʋêi]
'for'
Prevalent in northern dialects. Corresponds to /w/ in other varieties.
Chuvash
аван
[aʋ'an]
'good, well'
Corresponds to /w/ in other varieties.
Dhivehi
ވަޅު / valhu
[ʋaɭu]
'well' (noun)
Danish
Standard[ 7]
v éd
[ʋe̝ːˀð̠˕ˠ]
'know(s)'
Also described as a short plosive [b̪̆ ] ; rarely realized as a fricative [v ] instead.[ 8] See Danish phonology
Dutch
Standard
w ang
[ʋɑŋ]
'cheek'
In southern dialects of the Netherlands realised as bilabial [β̞ ] . See Dutch phonology
English
Indian [ 3]
v ine
[ʋaɪ̯n]
'vine'
Corresponds to a fricative [v ] in other accents.
Some speakers
r ine
'rine'
Mostly idiosyncratic but somewhat dialectal[ 9] (especially in London and South East England ). See English phonology and R -labialization
Faroese [ 10]
røð a
[ˈɹøːʋa]
'speech'
Word-initial and intervocalic allophone of /v/ . In the first case, it is in a free variation with a fricative [v ] .[ 10] See Faroese phonology
Finnish
v auv a
[ˈʋɑu̯ʋɑ]
'baby'
See Finnish phonology
German
Swiss
w as
[ʋas]
'what'
Corresponds to /v/ in Standard German[ 11]
Guaraní
av añe'ẽ
[ʔãʋ̃ãɲẽˈʔẽ]
'Guaraní language'
Contrasts with /w/ and /ɰ/
Hawaiian
w ikiw iki
[ʋikiʋiki]
'fast'
May also be realized as [w] or [v] . See Hawaiian phonology
Hindustani
Hindi
वा ला
[ʋɑːlɑː]
(the) 'one'
Also an allophone of /w/ . See Hindustani phonology .
Urdu
و الا
Italian
Some speakers
r ar o
[ˈʋäːʋo]
'rare'
Rendition alternative to the standard Italian alveolar trill [r ] , due to individual orthoepic defects and/or regional variations that make the alternative sound more prevalent, notably in South Tyrol (among the Italian-speaking minority), Val d'Aosta (bordering with France) and in parts of the Parma province, more markedly around Fidenza . Other alternative sounds may be a uvular trill [ʀ ] or a voiced uvular fricative [ʁ ] . See Italian phonology .
Khmer
អាវុធ / av ŭth
[ʔɑːʋut]
'weapon'
See Khmer phonology
Marathi
व जन
[ʋə(d)zən]
'weight'
See Marathi phonology
Miyako [ 13]
[ʋ̩tɑ]
'thick'
May be syllabic .
Norwegian
Urban East [ 14] [ 15]
v enn
[ʋe̞nː]
'friend'
Sometimes realized as a fricative [v ] .[ 15] [ 16] See Norwegian phonology
Nsenga
ŵ anthu
[ʋaⁿtʰu]
'people'
Punjabi
Gurmukhi
ਵਾਲ
[ʋäːl]
'hair'
Shahmukhi
وال
Russian [ 17]
в олосы
[ˈʋʷo̞ɫ̪əs̪ɨ̞]
'hair'
Common realization of /v/ ; contrasts with palatalized form.[ 17] See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian
цв рчак / cv rčak
[t͡sʋř̩ːt͡ʃak]
'cricket'
/v/ is a phonetic fricative, although it has less frication than /f/ . However, it does not interact with unvoiced consonants in clusters as a fricative would, and so is considered to be phonologically a sonorant (approximant).[ 18] [ 19]
Shona
v anhu
[ʋan̤u]
'people'
Contrasts with /v/ and /w/ .
Sinhala
ව තුර
[ʋat̪urə]
'water'
Slovak [ 20]
v oda
[ˈʋo̞dä] ⓘ
'water'
Usual realization of /v/ .[ 20] See Slovak phonology
Slovene [ 21]
v eter
[ˈʋéːt̪ə̀ɾ]
'wind'
Also described as fricative [v ] .[ 22] [ 23] See Slovene phonology
Spanish [ 24]
Chilean
hab lar
[äʋˈläɾ]
'to speak'
Allophone of /b/. See Spanish phonology
Swedish
Some speakers
v än
[ʋɛːn]
'friend'
See Swedish phonology
Tamil
வா ய்
[ʋɑj]
'mouth'
See Tamil phonology
Telugu
వ ల
[ʋala]
'net'
Ukrainian [ 25]
в ін
[ʋin]
'he'
Possible prevocalic realization of /w/ , most commonly before /i/ .[ 25] See Ukrainian phonology
West Frisian
w êr
[ʋɛːr]
'where'
See West Frisian phonology
See also
References
^ Ladefoged, Peter (1968). A Phonetic Study of West African Languages: An Auditory-instrumental Survey (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 26. ISBN 9780521069632 .
^ Mathangwane, Joyce Thambole Mogatse (1996). Phonetics and Phonology of Ikalanga: A Diachronic and Synchronic Study (Thesis). Berkeley: University of California. p. 79.
^ a b Mesthrie (2004 :960)
^ Næss, Åshild (2017). A short dictionary of Äiwoo . Asia-Pacific Linguistics. Vol. A-PL 35. Canberra. hdl :1885/112469 . ISBN 978-1-922185-37-2 . OCLC 970690673 . {{cite book }}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link )
^ Dum-Tragut (2009 :20)
^ a b Saborit Vilar (2009 :52)
^ Basbøll (2005 :62)
^ Basbøll (2005 :27 and 66)
^ Foulkes & Docherty (1999 :?)
^ a b Árnason (2011 :115)
^ Schmid, Stephan (2010). "Segmental features of Swiss German ethnolects" . In Calamai, Silvia; Celata, Chiara; Ciucci, Luca (eds.). Proceedings of the Workshop "Sociophonetics, at the crossroads of speech variation, processing and communication" . Edizioni della Normale. pp. 69–72. ISBN 978-88-7642-434-2 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2015 .
^ Pellard, Thomas (19 January 2009). Why it is important to study the Ryukyuan languages: The example of Õgami Ryukuan (PDF) (Speech). Oxford. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2015.
^ Kristoffersen (2000 :22 and 25)
^ a b Vanvik (1979 :41)
^ Kristoffersen (2000 :74)
^ a b Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015 :223)
^ Morén (2005 :5–6)
^ Brown, Wayles; Alt, Theresa (2004). "A Handbook of Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian" . SEELRC . Duke University.
^ a b Hanulíková & Hamann (2010 :374)
^ Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999 :136)
^ Priestley (2002 :394)
^ Greenberg (2006 :18)
^ Sadowsky, Scott (2010). "El alófono labiodental sonoro [v] del fonema /b/ en el castellano de Concepción (Chile): Una investigación exploratoria" (PDF) . Estudios de Fonética Experimental . XIX : 231–261. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2018.
^ a b Žovtobrjux & Kulyk (1965 :121–122)
Bibliography
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Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish , Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian , Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Foulkes, Paul; Docherty, Gerard J., eds. (1999), Urban Voices , Arnold
Greenberg, Mark L. (2006), A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene , Kansas: University of Kansas
Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010). "Slovak" (PDF) . Journal of the International Phonetic Association . 40 (3): 373–378. doi :10.1017/S0025100310000162 .
Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000). The Phonology of Norwegian . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5 .
Mesthrie, Rajend (2004). "Indian South African English: phonology". In Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.). A handbook of varieties of English . Vol. 1: Phonology. Mouton de Gruyter . pp. 953–963. ISBN 3-11-017532-0 .
Morén, Bruce (2005), Consonant-Vowel Interactions in Serbian: Features, Representations and Constraint Interactions (PDF) , Center for Advanced Study of Theoretical Linguistics, Tromsø, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2015
Priestley, T.M.S. (2002). "Slovene" . In Comrie, Bernard ; Corbett, Greville. G. (eds.). The Slavonic Languages . London: Routledge . pp. 388–451. ISBN 0-415-28078-8 .
Saborit Vilar, Josep (2009), Millorem la pronúncia , Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua
Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999). "Slovene". Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . pp. 135–139. doi :10.1017/S0025100300004874 . ISBN 0-521-65236-7 . S2CID 249404451 .
Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk , Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo , ISBN 82-990584-0-6
Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015). "Russian" (PDF) . Journal of the International Phonetic Association . 45 (2): 221–228. doi :10.1017/S0025100314000395 .
Žovtobrjux, M.A.; Kulyk, B.M. (1965), Kurs sučasnoji ukrajins'koji literaturnoji movy. Častyna I. , Kiev: Radjans’ka škola
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